Campbell SK. Test-retest reliability of the Test of Infant Motor Performance. Pediatr Phys Ther. 1999;11:60-66: Documents test-retest reliability for 116 pairs of tests of r = .89 over 3 days; no significant difference between testers. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/1999/01120/Test_Retest_Reliability_of_the_Test_of_Infant.2.aspx

Campbell SK, Hedeker D. Validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance for discriminating among infants with varying risk for poor motor outcome. J Pediatr. 2001;139:546-551: Documents ability of the TIMP to discriminate among infants with varying risk for poor motor performance in early infancy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.117581

Campbell SK, Kolobe THA, Osten ET, Lenke M, Girolami GL. Construct validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance. Phys Ther. 1995;75:585-596: Documents relationship between age and TIMP test scores for infants from 32 weeks postconceptional age through 3.5 months AA with r = .83. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article-abstract/75/7/585/2632886/Construct-Validity-of-the-Test-of-Infant-Motor?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Campbell SK, Levy P, Zawacki L, Liao P-j. Population-based age standards for interpreting results on the Test of Infant Motor Performance.  Pediatr Phys Ther. 2006;18:119-125.  Provides age standards for performance on the TIMP based on testing of 990 U.S. infants.  High risk infants and Latino/a infants performed less well than infants of other races/ethnicities and infants with lower risk for poor outcome based on perinatal medical complications. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2006&issue=01820&article=00002&type=abstract

Campbell SK, Swanlund A, Smith E, Liao P-j, Zawacki L.  Validity of the TIMPSI for estimating concurrent performance on the Test of Infant Motor Performance.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2008;20:3-10. Performance on the TIMP and the TIMPSI were compared at the same age in 990 U.S. infants.  A cutscore of -.5 SD on the TIMPSI correctly classified 83.7% of the infants on the TIMP as delayed/not delayed, but the cutscore of -.25 SD produced the best combination of false negatives (5.8%) and false positives (12.5%) and is recommended for use in clinical practice. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582330/

Campbell SK, Wright BD, Linacre JM. Development of a functional movement scale for infants.  J Applied Meas. 2002;3(2):191-204.  Description of use of Rasch analysis to develop Version 4 of the TIMP used in a population-based study of 990 infants in 10 U.S. cities. Campbell SK, Wright BD, Linacre JM. Development of a functional movement scale for infants. J Appl Meas. 2002;3(2):190-204. PMID: 12011500.

Chiquetti EMDS, Valentini NC. Test of Infant Motor Performance for infants in Brazil: Unidimensional model, item difficulty, and motor function. Pediatr Phys Ther 2020;32:390-397. Based on assessment of 655 infants in Brazil, Rasch analysis demonstrated a single construct, items with different levels of difficulty, and sensitivity to detect differences in performance of distinct groups of infants in Brazil. https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/2020/10000/Test_of_Infant_Motor_Performance_for_Infants_in.21.aspx

Chiquetti EMDS, Valentini NC, Saccani R. Validation and reliability of the test of Infant Motor Performance for Brazilian infants. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr 13 Jan 2020 Epub. Validation of the Portuguese translation of the TIMP on 655 Brazilian infants. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2020.1711843

Chiquetti EMDS, Valenti NC. Infant motor development and the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP): A review on early assessment and contextual risk factors. Revistaft dow: 10.69849/revistaft/fa10202502182258 (in Portugese). Review of infant development in context and of validity of TIMP for infants in Brazil. Citations include an in press article on population-based age standards for Brazil. https://revistaft.com.br/desenvolvimento-motor-infantil-e-o-teste-de-desempenho-motor-infantil-timp-uma-revisao-sobre-avaliacao-precoce-e-contextos-de-risco/

Qu F, Bin HU, Wang C, Huang T, Wu J et al. differenes of the Test of Infant Motor Performance between Chinese and American norms. Chin J Child Health Care 2022;30:148 (article in Chinese). Authors assessed 1035 Chinese infants and compared performance to US norms. Differences were present, allowing 12 two-week age bands to establish norms for the mainland Chinese population.  http://manu41.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_zgetbjzz/EN/10.11852/zgetbjzz2020-1909

Rodrigues D, Joshi K, Rajadhyaksha S, Debur RV. Motor performance of Indian preterm infants as compared to the US population on the Test of infant Motor Performance (TIMP). Ear Hum Develop 2024;195:106056. Testing of low risk Indian infants at 3 months CA shows significantly lower performance than US norms. Use of the TIMP in India for diagnosis of delayed development would benefit from a study of normative performance across the whole age range of the test. Differences in performance could be related to SES, ethnicity or differences in child care practices early in infancy in India.  https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271277/1-s2.0-S0378378224X00079/1-s2.0-S0378378224001257/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIL%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQD2hipGvWpOrp55EyiqZl2uBC4ZGCR476QgqEvkkfJNegIhAId%2FL%2FEfoSFYruI2Cd0fbXG6xdhqCscwqI4s%2BPmNSA4SKrMFCBsQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgweEOSkROkXvpqjy%2FUqkAWW7j7ODRARm7QILcg1qslbwzy3ZHbpBkRt7yLC6Xs45UgISyJJ3Ukn%2BTuMCguFJdUiHCj%2B02OODk7j7OSpt9SBziR%2BtMnL%2FN87Wbg6eegP9xHPw71SIHqqH46PQGng83Q5Wdv5ulA05oSGPYwixr1eDxPDI41F1sn8pU78A2%2FivCPC7XOZqIxhNCkypXedW2C2um%2BJLBRWcxyOjkaFixsOa2EdEh9xfYEEZepcUkmfipCW%2FHmt0Vo3EPCFov0OLX6xzsoLoQ6g5FpovE9I2jgoDoqXTJrZKmRxGwP399mNVXfyX8zN1v%2FcS%2BDpBhk59Hrq2f0eYhGgFEA7w6xDGXGav2s7vV28OQR6bVqhuYTEEhFDgNuAfxYrKHZthuhfGzSM7Scgu4RZNQ41Ls0FUBNWpLjLe%2FuSi0uG9bxTlnn5iz59imHB1uveB2nJr7DJqcYa%2FaMqvXwRsYhFYjjpd2RuX%2BG8ry2FidYOqlsrVnAturP%2Bpq5hWtwqEWBpLBpnenxjiS%2FwuACwxm26iZijt2p0qLd3e6mRcrD5Nx9NbIzom8Fbg37S8uVo0Nm8xdEKZeXYxRkCz5bTe74f%2Fqftts9FOuTAZUQib8irmVrSqTSoV6aN8f9XZQJVnjh9klek23WB%2FA3%2B769ZfESS4X2vzkgun9PMv2JQLb4TMcdUOYNnK0OLHMwtKQBpUfywSKICgNfM01AFZIjSGWZQlM1iuLIfIAvC%2F0w4KjYsSG1YFjx87SerqFlth7wZ1rDiR5WivKZbJNI6anY1HDd3fQ%2FL6%2BbW9xwOHhejP5FVCO3mVaV%2BLS%2FPaeOQ%2Fhk0Cbxzrzgw0gYRrVudHWRoUpRasRF0uD3fL5kPnato6Y3TBlaQ%2BuX8szCnqpKzBjqwAQp2iy7jiN6YxtGQQL8wZ%2Bbe%2F3IJsWxxMuK3L8PPVMGGmCob8AYNpsJaEVzP%2BU6BxGZW3e90DYprfqSc7lH6dYf3rVvV%2Fc6x9N4x3jsdhMVZQF9aEOe%2B6xyYIG2ZA1SOxHdtYTFijeAHVNPLodTo6gPY%2Bt4DIwQxbc3fJT6WR0pEM2T4FoWNPjv7oxLkyCAk%2BQhZTCmItoAHYcfiqd53v1I4NXHRL5X2MCUNuhJSJBLe&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240608T182736Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYYEQORGE3%2F20240608%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=2dc50fb03a31f7df7c3b351ce9bd45fc474bafb3dcf3a60fd7dd4964d0788163&hash=2b9258d7826a16a56f5ed80b4eb1e201d8a85f98f02691c882b7776d3e693a0c&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0378378224001257&tid=spdf-82508c7f-79eb-427a-af24-fc5ca1e4c257&sid=9fdcf0c347e637469198c4f713c84132a1a6gxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=13105657520703050605&rr=890aefda2e0f2ad2&cc=us

Ruiz MN, Uchima IGG, Gomez MES, Otalora MLA, Bernal MYP, Duque LMS. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Test of Infant Motor Performance to Columbian Spanish. Rev Ciene Salud Bogota Columbia 2022;20(1):1-17. The authors validated a translation of the TIMP into Columbian Spanish. https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/revsalud/article/view/10146

Serrano-Gomez ME et al. Metric properties of the Test of Infant Motor Performance in Colombian Children. TIMP in Columbian translation is a reliable and valid assessment instrument. RIICS 2017. https://riics.info/index.php/RCMC/article/view/327/1055

Ustad T, Helbostad JL, Campbell SK, Girolami GL, Jorgensen L, Oberg GK, Evensen KAI. Test-retest reliability of the Test of Infant Motor Performance Screening Items in infants at risk for impaired functional motor performance. Early Human Development 2016;93:43-46. Test-retest reliability of the TIMPSI was .99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.12.007

Baque E, Jones T, Bialocerkowski. A survey of pediatric competencies in entry-level physical therapy programs in Australia. Pediatr Phys Ther 2020;32:356-366. Clinical educators in Australia recommended inclusion of a number of tests in entry-level education: most recommended was the AIMS (70%) followed by Goal Attainment Scaling, the GMFM, the M-ABC, and the COPM. The TIMP, although generally considered an advanced practice assessment, was recommended for inclusion in entry-level education by 15%. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000730

Borges PN, Snider L, Camelo JS Jr, Zachary B, Fatima K, Goldschleger J, Majnemer A. The role of rehabilitation specialists in Canadian NICUs: A 21st century perspective. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr 2019;39(1):33-47. The most frequently used test by PTs (67%) and OTs (43%) in NICU practice was the TIMP; however, only 44% of OTs and 75% of PTs used any standardized assessment. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01942638.2018.1490846

Brown SE, Dusing SC. Knowledge translation lecture: Providing best practice in neonatal intensive care and follow-up: A clinician-researcher collaboration. Pediatr Phys Ther 2019;31:308-314. A researcher and a clinician document their 10-year development of evidence-based practice in the NICU and follow-up developmental care. The TIMP is one of the recommended assessments to measure functional performance and outcomes in both settings. https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/fulltext/2019/10000/Knowledge_Translation_Lecture__Providing_Best.2.aspx#pdf-link

Butera CD, Brown SE, Burnsed J et al. Factors influencing receipt and type of therapy services in the NICU. Behav Sci 2023;13:481. Receipt of NICU therapy services was not related to TIMP assessment results but more OT was received by infants born <32 weeks gestation when GMA was poor. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/6/481

Butera CD, Yeh A, Biniwale M, Block E, Carddock D et al. Development and initial outcomes of the interdisciplinary "Early Identification and Intervention for Infants Network" (Ei3) in Los Angeles. J Clin Med 2024;13:7442. A model for improving early detection of CP, including training in use of the HINE, GMA and TIMP. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/23/7442

Byrne EM, Campbell SK. Physical therapy observation and assessment in the neonatal intensive care unit. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr 2013;33(1):39-74. Review of appropriate tests and measures for use in NICU physical therapy practice.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2012.754827

Byrne R, Noritz G, Maitre NL. Implementation of early diagnosis and intervention guidelines for cerebral palsy in a high-risk infant follow-up clinic. Pediatr Neurol 2017. To implement international guidelines for early recognition of CP, a NICU follow-up clinic added the GMA and HINE to the TIMP at 3-4 months, and the HINE plus developmental assessments at later visits. Diagnosis of CP was decreased from 18 months to age 13 months by application of the guidelines.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.08.002

Cahill SM, Bowye P (eds). Cases in Pediatric Occupational Therapy; Assessment and Intervention. Slack Incorporated, Thorofare NJ. 2015.  TIMP developer Maureen Lenke is a contributing author to chapter 1, The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, pp 9-16. There are 40 case studies ( 5 from NICU), from all areas of Pediatric OT.

Campbell SK. The infant at risk for developmental disability. In: Campbell SK, ed. Decision Making in Pediatric Neurologic Physical Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:260-332: Provides case examples of clinical use of the TIMP to document need for intervention and outcomes of treatment.

Campbell SK. The quest for measurement of infant motor performance.  In Refshauge K, Ada L, Ellis E (eds).  Science-based Rehabilitation: Theories into Practice.  Philadelphia, PA: Butterworth Heinemann; 2005:49-65.

Carey H, Tanner K, Ratliff-Schaub K, Baldino M, Kelly N, Andridge RR. Early developmental trends in high-risk neonates later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatr Phys Ther 2023;35(1):28-34. Infants with later diagnosed ASD did not differ in development on the TIMP at 3-4 months (81% scored in the average range), but scores differed significantly from controls on the Bayley III at 8-14 months and at 20-26 months, despite being within the average range at the earlier time point. Between time 2 and time 3 infants with ASD showed a greater decline than controls in scores in communication subscales.  https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/9900/Early_Developmental_Trends_in_High_Risk_Neonates.35.aspx

Chiquetti EMS, Carvalho ACF, Zanella AK, Vaentin NC. Risk factors and motor development of infants born small for gestational age (SGA) term and preterm (Portuguese with English abstract). Resista Varia Scientia, Ciencias da Saude 2018;4(1). Among 41 Brazilian infants born SGA, 54% showed delay on the TIMP; delay was present in 70% of those born preterm. Correlation between motor development and gestational age was .327, p = 0.013. Motor development was not affected by SES.

Connell A, Knudsen K, MargineanH, Raddish M. Associations between feeding and development in preterm infants in the NICU and throughout the first year of life. Ear Hum Dev 177-178(2023)105719. Feeding and development were assessed at 3 points in time: NICU discharge (TIMP), 3 months (BINS) and 12 months CA (BSID III) to ascertain whether delay in each would be similar across time and to assess correlation between feeding problems and developmental delay. No association was found; using different developmental assessments, delay was not consistent across ages. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774728/

da Silva AJ, Neves LAT, Fronio JdS, Ribeiro LC. Factors related to motor developmental delay of newborns. J Hum Growth Develop 2014;24(3):320-327. In a Brazilian sample of 178 newborns, TIMP scores at hospital discharge were significantly associated with presence of prematurity, presence of seizures, and being female. 35.8% had scores below -1 SD from the mean.  http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhdg.88970

Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Battin M et al. Long term follow up of high risk children: who, why and how? BMC Pediatr 2014;14:279. Among tests recommended for early identification of delayed motor performance, the TIMP is included. Note, however, that the lowest age mentioned is 32 weeks PMA, but norms for performance on the TIMP are available only beginning at 34 weeks PMA. Early research assessed children down to 32 weeks PMA to test for a floor effect (none identified), but in the normative study children were assessed from 34 weeks PMA through 17 weeks corrected age to establish standards for identification of delay. https://www.academia.edu/13511955/Long_term_follow_up_of_high_risk_children_who_why_and_how?email_work_card=view-paper

Duff SV, DeMatteo C. Clinical assessment of the infant and child following perinatal brachial plexus injury. J Hand Ther 2015;28(2):126-134. Recommends use of the TIMP for functional assessment in infants with brachial plexus injury. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2015.01.001

Dusing SC, Izzo T,Thacker LR, Galloway JC. Postural complexity influences development in infants born preterm with brain injury: Relating perception-action theory to 3 cases. Phys Ther 2014;94(10). Presents 3 cases of infants with PVL for whom postural complexity was used to quantify action and perception during development of early motor behaviors. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140023

Dusing SC, Lobo MA, Lee H-M, Galloway JC. Intervention in the first weeks of life for infants born late preterm: A case series. Pediatr Phys Ther 2013;25:194-203. The TIMP was used as an outcome assessment in two cases of late preterm infants receiving intervention from .5 to 2 months corrected age. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2013/25020/Intervention_in_the_First_Weeks_of_Life_for.16.aspx

Dusing SC, Murray T, Stern M.  Parent preferences for motor development education in the neonatal intensive care unit.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2008;20:363-368.  Demonstrates through use of parent focus groups that observing the Test of Infant Motor Performance is a preferred mode of parent education on infant motor development.  Parents who viewed a videotaped TIMP followed by explanation of infant performance and ideas for play had improved knowledge of motor development and were able to describe ways that they would play with their infant. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2008/02040/Parent_Preferences_for_Motor_Development_Education.9.aspx

Dusing SC, Van Drew CM, Brown SE. Instituting parent education practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: An administrative case report of practice evaluation and statewide action. Phys Ther. 2012;92;2-9. Case report describes the process of implementing a new education program for parents in the NICU. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110360

Echevarria Ulloa M. Adaptacion Transcultural y Version Espanola de la Prueba de Rendimiento Motor Infantil (TIMP). Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2015. Translation of the TIMP to Castillian Spanish authorized for research by Echevarria Ulloa M, Lavin Lopez J.L, Ubeda Tikkanen A, Maroto M, Alvarez Vadillo A, Arroyo Riano MO.

Giachetta L, Nicolau CM, Juliani RCTP, de Carvalho WB, Krebs VLJ. Characterization of the motor performance of newborns in a neonatal unit of tertiary level. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2016;62:553-560.  The TIMP was used to assess infants between 34 and 41 weeks CA. Early age groups showed average TIMP scores compared to U.S. TIMP norms, but infants between 38-41 weeks were statistically lower performers than the reference values. Mothers of infants in the latter group were found to have higher rates of smoking, infection, and diabetes. No subject in this group of relatively low risk infants (no chronic lung disease or brain insult) scored in the below average or lower range. Authors concluded that the TIMP is useful clinically and can be used safely in tertiary care units. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-42302016000600553&lng=en&tlng=en

Gasparin M, Silveira JL, Garcez LW, Levy BS. Oral and general motor behavior of newborns from crack and/or cocaine using mothers. Rev Soc Bras Fonoaudiol 2012:17(4):459-463 (Portuguese). No differences in TIMP scores were found between offspring of cocaine using mothers and those of non-users from a public hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Differences were found in oral motor behavior.  Delay on the TIMP was reported as follows: 62.5% of preterm infants of cocaine using mothers, 50% of preterm infants of nonuser mothers, 82.4% of term infants of user mothers, and 76.5% of term infants of non-user mothers. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsbf/v17n4/16.pdf

Gmmash AF, Effgen SK. Early intervention services for infants with or at risk for cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2019;31:242-249. In a survey of EI providers to which 269 physical therapists responded, 73% never or rarely use outcome measures to prioritize parents' goals. Six percent never use standardized assessment tools. Three percent use the TIMP to assess severity of delay and according to data in the Table 1% use the GMA to assess risk for CP (abstract says 4%). The most commonly used standardized assessment was the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales used by 25% of respondents. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000619

Goldstein LA, Campbell SK.  Effectiveness of the Test of Infant Motor Performance as an educational tool for mothers.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2008;20:152-159.  Use of the TIMP in a developmental followup clinic was successful in increasing knowledge of premature infant motor development in African-American mothers.  Mothers retained information on how to facilitate their baby's development when asked later to recall what they were taught. Use of the pictorial version of the TIMP was not more effective than a text-only version. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2008/02020/Effectiveness_of_the_Test_of_Infant_Motor.5.aspx

Guimaraes CLN, Reinaux CM, Botelho ACG, Lima GMS, Cabral Filho JE. Motor development evaluated by Test of Infant Motor Performance: Comparison between preterm and full-term infants. Rev Bras Fisioter, Sao Carlos 2011;15 (5):357-362. In a group of 92 infants, half of whom were born full term, TIMP scores showed delay in 26% of the preterm infants and none of the full term infants when assessed at term-equivalent age. Mean scores showed significant differences between full- and preterm infants. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbfis/2011nahead/AOP020_11.pdf

Guyer C, Werner H, Wehrle F, Bolsterli BK, Hagmann C, Jenni OG, Huber R. Brain maturation in the first 3 months of life, measured by electroencelphalogram: A comparison between preterm and term-born infants. Clin Neurophysiol 2019;130:1859-1868.  Authors compare sleep EEG patterns of healthy infants born preterm or term. No differences in TIMP scores at term or 3 months. GMA optimality scores were correlated with less mature EEG patterns at term. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.06.230

Hadders-Algra M (ed). Early Detection and Early Intervention in Developmental Motor Disorders. From Neuroscience to Participation. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, London, Mac Keith Press, 2021. Chapter 9 reviews the psychometric properties of standardized tests. Chapter 10 provides an overview of tests for newborns and infants, including the GMA, Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination, the NICU Network Neurobehavioural Scale, the APIB, and the TIMP. Note that the number of observed items in the TIMP is 13, not 27, as listed in Table 10.3, and the reference to the TIMP Manual is not the most current version (2012).

He L, Shao D-D, Du H-Y, Chen Y-N. Role of Test of Infant Motor Performance in premature evaluation in corrected gestational aged 8-9 and 12-13 weeks. Chinese J Child Health Care 2014;22(3):252-254 (Chinese language with English abstract). TIMP scores were significantly correlated with concurrent Gesell Developmental Scale scores at > .5.  Raw scores of Chinese infants were on average significantly lower than those of same-age U.S. infants. www.cjchc.net

 
Hilderman CGE, Harris SR. Early intervention post-hospital discharge for infants born preterm. Phys Ther 2014;94:1211-1219. A Linking Evidence and Practice article with a case history of an infant born preterm for whom the TIMPSI was used in the nursery to identify risk followed by a full TIMP assessment to document delay and then progress in an early intervention program. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/94/9/1211/2735587/Early-Intervention-Post-Hospital-Discharge-for

Huang T Li W, Wang C, Qu F, Yang Q, Pan Q, Pu X, Xiao C, Cai Y, Xia M, Zhang Y. Research into the correlation between positional skull deformation and motor peformance of infants aged under 4 months. BMC Pediatrics 2023;23:212. The more serious the positional skull deformation, the worse the performance of infants on the TIMP. Authors conclude that positional deformation should not be considered only as a cosmetic problem but also as a risk for poor motor development in the early months of life. file:///C:/Users/skc/Downloads/Research_into_the_correlation_between_positional_s.pdf

Kvestad I, Silpakar JS, Hysing M, Ranjitkar S Strand TA et al. The reliability and predictive ability of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in a community-based study in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Inf Behav Develop 2023;70:101809. ICCs for inter-rater agreement were excellent (>.93) 43.7% of infants scored in the below average range. Correlation between TIMP at 8-12 weeks and Bayley subscales at 6 months ranged from 0.05 to 0.43.  https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0163638323000012?token=20EE308CAC547D0066CA042DE36119AAF947D1EBD6CD0E4CD2188503D923B1BE0D1F63F47EEB2548B6891D920F02928A&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20230202204120

Lee E-j, Han J-t, Lee J-h. Risk factors affecting Tests of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in pre-term infants at post-conceptional age of 40 weeks. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2012;15(2):79-83. IVH was the clinical risk factor most strongly correlated with TIMP scores at 40 weeks; other correlates were c-section, neonatal seizures, LBW and multiple birth. Authors suggest that the TIMP be performed early in infants with multiple risk factors in order to select infants for early intervention. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/17518423.2011.633571

Lekskulchai R, Cole J. The relationship between the scarf ratio and subsequent motor performance in infants born preterm. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2000;12:150-157: Documents predictability to TIMP scores of a measure of upper extremity muscle tone in premature infants. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/2000/01240/The_Relationship_Between_the_Scarf_Ratio_and.2.aspx

Liao P-j M, Campbell SK. Comparison of two methods for teaching therapists to score the test of Infant Motor Performance. Pediatr Phys Ther 2002;14:191-198. Experiment comparing training approaches to learning to score the TIMP showed that the CD learning program reduced learning time by half with similar resulting rater reliability. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2002/14040/Comparison_of_Two_Methods_for_Teaching_Therapists.4.aspx

Lin L, Liu W, Mu J, Zhan E, Wei H, Hong S, Hua Z. Effect of neonatal neuronal intensive care unit on neonatal encephalopathy. PloS ONE 16(12):e0261837. Reports on changes in use of neuroprotective therapy and developmental followup using the TIMP after development of a NICU for neuronal intensive care. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0261837

Maitre NL, Benninger KL, Neel ML, Haase JA, Pietruszewski L et al. Standardized neurodevelopmental surveillance of high-risk infants using telehealth: Implementation study during COVID-19. Pediatr Qual Saf 2021;6:e439. Described transition to telehealth during the pandemic. TIMP and Bayley were apparently not attempted but authors were able to complete GMA, HINE and DAYC-2 and missed visits decreased. Authors concluded that the change did not impact ability to diagnosis risk for CP during the pandemic. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8322542/pdf/pqs-6-e439.pdf

Moran CA, Rodovanski GP, Speck do canto MC, Nicholson de Santa Maria N, Leal de Freitas Daritas Gomes E. Application of TIMP in the hospital environnment: a reality for early intervention in preterm infants. Brazil J Respir Cardiovas Critical Care Physiother. 2024;15:e00482024. Infants born preterm showed more delayed motor development, often even when without major morbidities in the NICU, on the TIMP than infants born full term, facilitating early intervention for those with delay. Comparison of value of both the TIMP and the GMA is discussed. Use of the TIMP to assess all infants born preterm before hospital discharge is recommended. https://bjr-assobrafir.org/article/10.47066/2966-4837.2024.0009pt/pdf/assobrafir-15-e00482024-trans1.pdf

Morgan C. Towards more accurate prognostication after preterm birth. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 10 Mar epub commentary. Concludes that the TIMP is a robust test that can be used in the NICU and followup care to improve accuracy of early detection of developmental impairment. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13765

Msall ME. Establishing community pathways for the early recognition of cerebral palsy: red flags, enablement, and family support. DMCN commentary on Boychuck et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14252  .  Author emphasizes that cerebral palsy can be recognized before 12 months of age through use of tests like the TIMP, AIMS, and HINE along with neuroimaging.  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/dmcn.14314

Murney ME, Campbell SK. The ecological relevance of the Test of Infant Motor Performance Elicited Scale items. Phys Ther. 1998;78:479-489: Describes the relationship between caregiver demands for movement placed on infants during naturalistic interactions and the items on the TIMP. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/78/5/479/2633279

Orozco RR, Mohammed TA, Carter K, Brown S, Miller S, et al. Association of right ventricular dysfunction with risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with pulmonary hypertension. Children 2024;11:1121. Measures of right ventricular dysfunction were not correlated with developmental outcome. Neurodevelopmental impairment (scores more than 1 SD below the mean) on measures like the TIMP, AIMS and Bayley was present in 62% of infants. Of note is that, of the total cohort seen in this hospital, only 31% of survivors had developmental scores available, demonstrating the need to improve followup of infants with pulmonary hypertension to facilitate early referral for intervention. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/9/1121

Palisano RJ, Snider LM, Orlin MN. Recent advances in physical and occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy. Seminars in Pediatrics 2004;11(1):66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2004.01.010

Paulsen H, Ljungblad UW, Riiser K, Evensen KAI. Early neurological and motor function in infants born moderate to late preterm or small for gestational age at term: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2023;23:390. In 254 infants born at greater than 31 weeks GA and assessed between 3 and 7 months CA, none had absent figidity on the GMA and there were no statistically significant differences in numbers scoring below cutoffs for delay/abnormal between infants born preterm, infants born at term and AGA, and infants born at term and SGA on the TIMP or the AIMS. More preterm infants had low scores on the HINE and they also scored more often as delayed at 2 years on the Ages & Stages assessment. The authors conclude that the HINE should be a first-line assessment after 3 months CA but that a combination of neurologic and motor assessments may provide more information about development.  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12887-023-04220-w.pdf?pdf=button%20sticky&fbclid=IwAR0gAwP2qDtqX1FcpeHCrv0Lw4tDk99t9jlEZiEe9MpftswstatUBuW7MfE_aem_Aaax--88m6pTcHss5rlkkTWcREe0V4eU6R3Y1NFr6BfjH8JjGerlUkJzVLJer1coLuY

Pineda R, Kellner P, Guth R, Gronmeyer A, Smith J. NICU sensory experiences associated with positive outcomes: an integrative review of evidence from 2015-2020. J Perinatol 2023;43:848. As a result of reviewing literature on sensorimotor interventions, movement exeriences were added to the SENSE program based on outcomes on the TIMP from parent-administered guided movement in the NOPPI study of Oberg et al. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-023-01655-y

Raniero EP, Tudella E, Mattos RS. Pattern and rate of motor skill acquisition among preterm infants during the first four months corrected age. Rev Bras Fisioter 2010;14(5):396-403. Longitudinal development of infants born preterm (relatively low risk) and term was compared. Infants born preterm had higher scores than the full term group between 1 and 4 months of age, but there were no statistically significant differences and development was highly linear across time. Both groups performed on average below TIMP normative values between 1 and 3 months, but there were no statistically significant differences from TIMP norms. Infant born preterm showed relatively faster rate of development than those born at term from 0-1 month. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbfis/v14n5/en_a08v14n5.pdf

Ravarian A, Rahmani N, Soleimani F, Sajedi F, Noroozi M, Campbell SK, Mohseni-Bandpei MA. Test of Infant Motor Performance: Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability in Persian infants. Earl Hum Develop 22 July 2023, 105831. Presents the result of a translation to Persian of the TIMP and ability to discriminate among performances of low birth weight and SGA infants. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105831

Rose RU, Westcott SL.  Responsiveness of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in infants born preterm.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2005;17:219-224.  Demonstrates the responsiveness of the TIMP to change in motor performance in preterm infants between 32 and 36 weeks postconceptional age.  Fourteen percent of the variance in change scores was related to receipt of therapy services (p = .06); other infant variables were not related to change scores. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2005/01730/Responsiveness_of_the_Test_of_Infant_Motor.8.aspx

Santos VM, Formiga CKMR, de Mello PRB, Leone CR. Late preterm infants' motor development until term age. Clinics 2017;72(1):17-22.  Open access. Although some late preterm infants in a sample of 29 demonstrated delay on the TIMP, average performance at term did not differ from a control group of 88 infants born at term. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251193/?report=classic

Shafaghatian N, Bordbar A, Maroufizadeh S, Mirzakhani N, Amini M. The predictive effect of individual and environmental factors on motor performance of low birth weight infants. Iranian Rehab Journal 2022;20(3):355-362. In a study of 90 low birth weight infants in Iran, TIMP elicited item scores at 3-6 months CA were positively correlated with age, weight and home environment and negatively correlated with duration of NICU stay and sensory profile scores. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.20.3.1501.1

Shen Y, Zhang Y. Advances in Test of Infant Motor Performance and its application in early infant development-related diseases. Int J Pediatre 2024;51(10). Review of uses of the TIMP for early diagnosis, treatment planning and outcome assessment. https://rs.yiigle.com/cmaid/1521651

Songer CN, Calip GS, Srinivasan N, Barbosa VM, Pham JT. Factors influencing antibiotic duration in culture-negative neonatal early-onset sepsis. Pharmacotherapy 2021:41:148-161. In a study of factors related to duration of antibiotic use in 300 infants, there was no difference in TIMP scores during hospitalization between short- and long-term duration of antibiotics. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33527426/

Taiar H, Denum SD, Aakvik KAD, Evensen KAI. Motor outcomes in individuals born small for gestational age at term: a systematic review. BMC Pediatrics 2024;24:718. Infants born SGA show higher proportions of motor difficulties when assessed with the AIMS, TIMP, HINE, GMA MOS-R and others.  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-024-05187-y

Trenkle J, Liddle A, Boswell L, Drumm D, et al. Project Initiate: A clinical feasibility trial of equitable access to early neurodevelopmental therapy. J Clin Med 2024;13:7681. Feasibility study of providing EI outside of formal state program for infants in Chicago compared with a standard care control group found that only 13% of infants received any EI outside of the study (despite being referred and having an eligible condition) within the first 3-4 months. When intervention group infants received 8-10 visits during that period, gains of >.5 SD on the TIMP were achieved in a group with overall below average performance. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/24/7681

Wang CJ, Zhao SL, Shen L, Hu B, Pu XQ, Cai YI, Xiao C, Zhang YP. Analysis of the Test of Infant Motor Performance data from 642 infants with a postconceptual age of 38-58 weeks (article in Chinese). Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017 Dec;19(12):1252-1256. All age groups had significantly lower mean scores on the TIMP than the US norms. Chinese norms are needed. PMID 29237525

Wei L, He S-S, Zhang X-H. Impact of the environmental layout of the neonatal intensive care unit on clinical outcomes and neurological development in very/extremely preterm infants. Chinese J Contemporary Pediatrics 2023;25(8): 812-817 (in Chinese with English abstract). Compared with centralized care of 157 , 147 infants cared for in a decentralized NICU layout, i.e., 4 beds in small rooms separated by glass, had less BPD and ICH and higher TIMP scores at 34-51 weeks PMA. There were no differences in LOS, NEC, ROP or sepsis.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10484081/

Zawacki L, Campbell S. From observation to rehabilitation.  In Cioni G,Mercuri E (eds), Neurological Assessment in the First Two Years of Life.  London, MacKeith Press, 2007, pp. 230-245.

Zhang Y-p. Brain injury and early assessment in infants (article in Chinese). Chin J Child Health Care 2023;31:7. Overview of early brain injury and assessment strategies to promote early intervention. http://manu41.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_zgetbjzz/EN/10.11852/zgetbjzz2022-1560

Yuan S, Zhou H, Zhang H, Ying H, Jian R, Chen Y. Test of Infant Motor Performance in the developmental assessment of preterm infants. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr 2023;38(2):120-124 (Chinese). TIMP scores did not differ at 40 weeks or at 16 weeks CA between early and late preterm birth but scores of infants born preterm were significantly lower than those of infants born full term. TIMP scores at 40 weeks were correlated with those at 16 weeks CA at r=0.565. https://rs.yiigle.com/CN101070202302/1448141.htm

al-Haddad BJS, Olson E Reardon E, Bonney E. Neurodevelopmental screening for neonates less than 44 weeks gestation in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2025;10:e017683. This review of tests used in LMIC countries revealed that the most used tests are the Neonatal Behavioural Neurological Assessment, the GMA, the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination/Dubowitz and the NBAS. Next in use (China, Turkey and Brazil) was the TIMP. Authors argue that a brief screening test that does not require formal training is needed while PTs and OTs concentrate on provision of intervention.  https://gh.bmj.com/content/10/4/e017683

Alta M, De Clifford-Faugere G, Lavallee A, Feeley N, Stremler R, Rioux E, Proulx M-H. Effectiveness of interventions on early neurodevelopment of preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research Square 2020 preprint. This review article notes that the most useful standardized tests for clinical trials of NICU interventions are the APIB, the NNNS, and the TIMP which is described as having the best predictive validity for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Of studies reviewed that used the TIMP as an outcome measure, music therapy was shown to improve motor performance more than developmental care while passive movement and hydrotherapy were not found to improve development more than standard care.  https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-36651/v2/6c3aa720-e2a5-48c4-8706-9d48f1c6742c.pdf

Campbell SK. Review article: Functional movement assessment with the Test of Infant Motor Performance. J Perinatol 2021;41:2385-2394.  Summary of pyschometric research on the TIMP and uses in clinical practice and research.   https://rdcu.be/ci5tG

Case-Smith J. Analysis of current motor development theory and recently published infant motor assessments. Infants & Young Children 1996;9(1): 29-41. http://journals.lww.com/iycjournal/toc/1996/07000

Craciunoiu O, Holsti L. A systematic review of the predictive validity of neurobehavioral assessments during the preterm period. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr 2016;Jun 17:1-16. GMA and TIMP have the strongest evidence of predictive validity in preterm infants. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2016.1185501

Hadders-Algra M. Early diagnostics and early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders - age-dependent challenges and opportunities. J Clin Med 2021:10:861. Among other tests for use in early infancy, sensitivity and specificity of the TIMP for prediction of outcomes, particularly at 3 months CA, are discussed. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/4/861

Haffner DN, Sankovic A. A neurologist's guide to neonatal neurodevelopmental assessments and preterm brain injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022 Jul;42:100974. This guide for neurologists suggests tests for NICU use including the TIMP, GMA, NNNS, and Hammersmith NNE. https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/273260/1-s2.0-S1071909122X0003X/1-s2.0-S1071909122000225/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGAaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDAbIqVKfQx4Q%2BXacXcdtdbgy6iPgyNdy1ZMhAjrsk3GQIhAOGs2kbz4NUIurdvi0MPbK9tjd5JSv9xYczIcib89KjQKtsECKj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgwaDz76okh9A%2FA56vwqrwQz3itw8gDoVTp62gnQ%2FpvtlffKs7rJsif3H3NxwHRQhXBQJtFYhszmwH4FL0az7mlZzTGqNWL1ZKdv8cobckaV36bV%2FyF8hQ2voBvmE9DcQVP%2B9JzyOAskmbgzL8j4ZWJI9AfABdbQ2SI%2FKWKZt8E5Xs6Bb9bQOeY9Di17jZIHikd1GLYqZAYNMPeuLjevKzXD%2BqKjvrp%2BH29PEkHWPweRRuB92dmba%2B40%2Bwxnc42%2FZPBUGws%2Fz%2B23n45KzJS777P%2F2L3W%2Fx%2BIM0CP0Ej9lynuYHVNSxtYc8AmILcGbWHDmZ9DuWUd9CDTbI2xLfnD8z5aysMaKu08IVWaEhd9XJPNFA7AKdlhAGM4yh1aelX8CJBBClDwMrP1BEpDv6xzyLU5MbkCVLAbwQckZ%2Bf4OYoBA4Vf3oB%2BP%2BzA8vR3wJg6076lfW%2BvV71hStp1X3tZiLkr9Xtrco4dqYk72seabStcZybYou8In%2BNxI6ClKuVqss6Zd7KCOspOnV7Ma2ajsLup7OdIfgWwWv1YECokEgnt9P2FdCtPxX28aK8Ok3CO181Ykkd0XdQZ6q3sBdzSSRrOCLz6bTHniN%2BWevNPWgJG7vviarl6BEfsd7ppfWwefM5kJJxaA%2BoTKWl0ojjQOmpBap9eKz64stLl%2B4tabiYfVtPcA%2F9NYYaf2PSrREevLncE%2BBFSy6Pwm8iMqi3eKAhNPTjoNNc6w7T9wF1GSKgiMsQRIlLPK6Xgdh0v2M4CMNfp%2BpYGOqgBDgsUUm%2FQsl7%2FZpDcFCNpfLdlOAqio2JcrMkeaBKHsG4bbd8%2FJc29gtxkAABvvCEv6EeSooFufFRbs5A3YCw2zxL0%2BFd1IsTAmBh9aIr%2BEQJm8WlR%2F7ImubQQdgejdB%2BysqBYXgerd45S9ZKCVFF%2BpKfBcaf1JzCo%2BJwNarVc0lUVEWBo3m5P5m4bCVYJ6zQHXm6bglsOwm4VmVzL7mnZ0cNNdieF9BYS&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20220725T160741Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY4A6HICPO%2F20220725%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=5e15de99a8462601e45c18adec84db73f203822155f0db5d0ebaa09d96e19944&hash=8648b80b5e39504c2b96aaafb30b289567e6f396d7edc680cc0771ff4db44ee6&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S1071909122000225&tid=spdf-4d2d1f43-0bb0-4033-97b8-5d82eac20d1d&sid=af5e9a014cb5c24ef37a8e75117c4328857fgxrqa&type=client&ua=4d5057575257535d075a&rr=73062662e8a22ff8

Hassan H, Narayan A. Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP). Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med 2023. https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/757fcb0219d89390,431c59b149ca8222,1ef1f8f22e04c462.html

Heineman KR, Hadders-Algra M. Evaluation of neuromotor function in infancy--A systematic review of available methods. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2008;29:315-323. A review of available assessments concludes that only the GMA and the TIMP have good predictive validity. http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/toc/2008/08000

Hughes AJ, Redsell SA, Glazebrook C. Motor development interventions for preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. A large, significant effect size was found on motor development at 3 months in infants born preterm for motor-specific interventions but not generic interventions. Pediatr 2016;138(4):e20160147 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/138/4/e20160147.full.pdf

Hyun SE, Kwon J-Y, Hong BY et al. Early neurodevelopmental assessments of neonates discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit: a physiatrist's perspective. Ann Rehabil Med 2023;47(3):147-161. Authors recommend timing and review tests of use in developmental assessment of infants discharged from NICU, including the TIMP (Korean translation is pending). https://e-arm.org/upload/pdf/arm-23038.pdf

Khurana S, Kane AE, Brown SE, Tarver T, Dusing SC. Effect of neonatal therapy on the motor, cognitive, and behavioral development of infants born preterm: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020;62:684-692. Review of 15 studies of direct therapy early intervention for infants born preterm. Two studies were "green-lighted" for effect sizes for improving motor development greater than 1, work by Dusing on parent-administered SPEEDI and work by Girolami using therapist-administered NDT. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dmcn.14485

Majnemer A, Snider L. A comparison of developmental assessments of the newborn and young infant. In Allen MC, Lipkin PH (eds). Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation Reviews, "Neurodevelopmental Assessment of the Fetus and Young Neonate" 2005;11:68-73. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrdd.20052/abstract

Ma Z, Zhang Q, Hua Z. Early diagnostic value of the test of infant motor performance for preterm infants' abnormal motor development: A literature review (Chinese). Chinese J Practical Pediatr 2019;34:126-131. As a result of reviewing research on the NBAS and TIMP, authors conclude that the TIMP is a helpful tool for early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disability. https://nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.net%2Fkcms%2Fdoi%2F10.19538%2Fj.ek2019020615.html&data=04%7C01%7Cskc%40uic.edu%7C0bbf21bbb3704401888108d9ce518386%7Ce202cd477a564baa99e3e3b71a7c77dd%7C0%7C0%7C637767671757382487%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=%2F1aXK1s9P%2FfNfnAwDEUTUkJbm5G3peMLP8alvAA2fOo%3D&reserved=0

Nobel Y, Boyd R. Neonatal assessments for the preterm infant up to 4 months corrected age: A systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012;54:129-139. Reviews tests appropriate for the first few months. Compared to other tests, the TIMP has particularly strong psychometric characteristics, such as rater reliability evidence, and has the best evaluative validity which makes it an excellent choice for clinical use. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03903.x/epdf

Raghupathy, Mamasa Kolibylu, Shradha S. Parsekar, Shubha R. Nayak, Kalesh M. Karun, Sonia Khurana, Alicia J. Spittle, Leslie Edward S. Lewis & Bhamini Krishna Rao. Effect of family-centered care interventions on motor and neurobehavior development of very preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr 2025. Review of effects of FCC on development of infants born very preterm, including several utilizing the TIMP as an outcome measure.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01942638.2024.2449387

Spittle AJ, Doyle LW, Boyd RN.  A systematic review of the clinimetric properties of neuromotor assessments for preterm infants during the first year of life.  Dev Med Child Neurol 2008;50:254-266.  A systematic review of assessments used to discriminate, predict, or evaluate motor development of preterm infants during the first year of life revealed that, of 18 identified assessments, only the TIMP has demonstrated a difference between groups in response to physical therapy in two randomized controlled clinical trials.  Along with the General Movement Assessment and the Movement Assessment of Infants, the TIMP has the best predictive validity in early infancy (at 3-4 months corrected age). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02025.x/epdf

Bolduc ME, Dionne E, Gagnon I, Rennick JE, Majnemer A, Brossard-Racine M. Motor impairment in children with congenital heart defects: A systematic Review. Pediatr 146(6): December 2020:e20200083. Review of studies assessing motor outcomes in children with CHD, including the TIMP. Prevalence of mild to severe motor impairments across childhood ranged from 12-69%. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/146/6/e20200083/33540/Motor-Impairment-in-Children-With-Congenital-Heart?autologincheck=redirected

Campbell M, Rabbidge B, Ziviani J, Sakzewski L. Clinical feasibility of pre-operative neurodevelopmental assessment of infants undergoing open heart surgery. J Paediatr Child Health 2017;53:794-799. Authors assessed the clinical feasibility of neurodevelopmental assessment with the GMA and the TIMP prior to open heart surgery. Forty percent were unable to complete assessment due to factors such as intubation or ECMO (49%), emergency surgery (1%) or too unstable for handling (5%), or environmental factors such as surgery already done (32%) or hospital transfer (3%). For every point increase in the Aristotle Patient-Adjusted Complexity score, the infant's likelihood of being unable to undergo assessment increased by 35%. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jpc.13565

Campbell MJ, Ziviani JM, Stocker CF, Khan A, Sakzewski L. Neuromotor performance in infants before and after early open-heart surgery and risk factors for delayed development at 6 months of age. Cardiol Young 2019;29:100-109. Infants were assessed pre- and post-operatively with the GMA and TIMP. Pre-operatively, 13% of infants could not be tested on the TIMP because of medical and/or physiological instability with handling.  At discharge 26% of the 60 infants presented with abnormal GMs and a median TIMP score of -0.93. Three infants could not be tested on the TIMP because they could not maintain a quiet alert state. Gross motor performance on the ASQ-3 at 6 months was significantly negatively correlated with gestational age, length of hospital stay and TIMP discharge score. Delay was found in 52.8% of infants at 6 months; two had CP as predicted by the presence of cramped synchrony on the GMA at hospital discharge. Post-operative assessment with the GMA and TIMP is useful to identify infants requiring targeted developmental follow-up. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cardiology-in-the-young/article/neuromotor-performance-in-infants-before-and-after-early-openheart-surgery-and-risk-factors-for-delayed-development-at-6-months-of-age/510058C1662086EAB4890689369387A0

Cheatham SL, Carey H, Chisolm JL, Heathcock JC, Steward D. Early results of neurodevelopment following hybrid stage I for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiology 2015;36:684-691. In 18 subjects who had undergone Hybrid Stage I palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, development on the TIMP at 2 months fell on average between -1 and -2 SDs below the mean. At 4 months delay was still evident with TIMP scores averaging between -.5 and -1 SD below the mean. Development on the Bayley III motor scale was also delayed still at 6 months and attention to intervention is recommended for these infants.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00246-014-1065-5

Jara AM, Jacobs JP, Reilly M. Physical therapy management of a critically-ill infant after cardiac surgery: A case report and literature review.

J Acute Care Phys Ther 2018;9:163-170. The TIMP was used pre- and post-surgery (Norwood procedure) for an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome to document change in z score from -.75 to +.44 at 9 weeks of age following physical therapy. https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2018/10000/Physical_Therapy_Management_of_a_Critically_Ill.4.aspx 

Lisanti AJ, Vittner DJ, Peterson J, Van Bergen AH, Miller TA, Gordon EE, et al. Developmental care pathway for hospitalised infants with CHD: on behalf of the Cardiac Newborn Neuroprotective Network, a special interest group of the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative. Cardiol Young 2023;33:2521-2538.  As part of a comprehensive developmental care path for management of infants with CHD, tests recommended for developmental assessment include the NNNS, NBO, AIMS, TIMP, GMA and NIDCAP. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36994672/

Morris H, Nilan K, Burkhardt M, Wood A, Passarella M, Gibbs K, DeMauro SB. Early progressive mobility to improve neurodevelopment of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia at a level IV neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. Infants with earlier mobilization had higher scores on TIMP items as successful and safe implementation of the program was demonstrated. J Perinatol 2024

Sprong MCA, Broeders W, van der Net J, Breur JMPJ, de Vries LS, Slieker MG, van Brussel M. Motor developmental delay after cardiac surgery in approximately a third of children with a critical congenital heart defect: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Phys Ther 2021;33:186-197. Confirms the frequency of delay in children with heart defects, including data from the TIMP at 2 and 4 months. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618742/

Tripathi T, Harrison TM, Simsic JM, Cabral TI, Heathcock JC. Screening and evaluation of neurodevelopmental impairments in infants under 6 months of age wiht congenital heart disease. Pediatric Cardiol 2022;43:489-496. Authors used several assessments to identify impairment in infants with CHD. Abnormal GMA categories were found in 48% with poor repertoire and 15% at high risk of CP. At 3 months CHD group had significantly lower TIMP scores; 18% scored more than 2 SDs below the mean (TIMP developers' recommended cutoff for delay is -.5 SD). In comparison to the TIMP, Bayley III scores identified 14% of infants performing more than 2 SDs below the mean at 3 months of age but the Bayley performed better at 6 months (identifying 25%). Infants with single ventricle physiology performed less well than those with two-ventricle physiology on all assessments. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00246-021-02745-4

Uzark K, Smith C, Donohue J, Yu S, Romano JC. Infant motor skills after a cardiac operation: The need for developmental monitoring and care. Annals Thoracic Surg 2017;104:681-687. Authors present preliminary data on reliability and validity of a new test, the Congenital Heart Assessment of Sensory and Motor Status (CHASMS) for infants undergoing cardiac operations. CHASMS scores were significantly correlated with TIMP (r=.70) and AIMS scores (r=.88).  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.032

Barbosa VM, Campbell SK, Sheftel D, Singh J, Beligere N. Longitudinal performance of infants with cerebral palsy on the Test of Infant Motor Performance and on the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Phys Occup Ther in Pediatr. 2003;23(3):7-29.  Demonstrates ability of the TIMP to make early identification of children with CP. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/J006v23n03_02

Barbosa VM, Campbell SK, Berbaum M. Discriminating infants from different developmental outcome groups using the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) item responses. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2007;19:28-39.  Documents differences in rates of development of individual TIMP items in children with cerebral palsy versus groups with typical or delayed development.  Eight weeks adjusted age seems to be an important timepoint demonstrating differences in  developmental rates in children with CP. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2007/01910/Discriminating_Infants_From_Different.5.aspx

Barbosa VM, Campbell SK, Smith E, Berbaum M. Comparison of Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) item responses among children with cerebral palsy, developmental delay, and typical development. Amer J Occup Ther 2005;59:446-456.  Presents a profile of item performance that discriminated 10 children with CP from children with typical or delayed development.  Children with CP may present "advanced" performance in items using extension patterns and slow development or regression in items requiring antigravity and balanced use of flexion-extension patterns of muscle activity. https://ajot.aota.org/article.aspx?articleid=1872095

Byrne R, Noritz G, Maitre NL, NCH Early Developmental Group. Implementation of early diagnosis and intervention guidelines for cerebral palsy in a high-risk infant follow-up clinic. Pediatr Neurol 2017:76:66-71. Use of GMA, TIMP and HINE lowered age of CP diagnosis from 18 months to 13 months. https://www.pedneur.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0887-8994%2817%2930782-8

Duff SV, Morris C, Stanley CS, Adeniyi-Jones S, Gringlas M, Damle V, Desai S. Neural recovery in infants who sustained perinatal asphyxia and received head cooling.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:106 (abstract).  Mean newborn TIMP scores of full term infants with birth asphyxia treated with head cooling was 42 (12th percentile) with 13/21 scoring at <5th percentile.  At 3-4 months of age the mean TIMP score was 98 (27th percentile) with 16/21 at or above the 15th percentile.  The rate of improvement was better in infants who had 5-minute Apgar scores >4. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Citation/2009/02110/Abstracts_of_Poster_and_Platform_Presentations_at.15.aspx

Gullion L, Stansell J, Moss H, Jenkins D, Aljuhani T, Coker-Bolt P. The impact of early neuroimaging and developmental assessment in a preterm infant diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Case Reports in Pediatr 2019: Article ID 9612507. Authors present a case report demonstrating use of brain imaging, STEP test, and TIMP to promote early diagnosis and referral for intervention of an infant with CP. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9612507

Hornby B, Paleg GS, Williams SA, Hidalgo-Robles A, Livingstone RW, Montufar Wright PE, Taylor A, Schrade MW. Identifying opportunities for early detection of cerebral palsy. Children 2024;11:515. EI providers in Maryland and Delaware are not using GMA (87%), MRI (70%) or HINE (69%) to identify CP in the early months so detection tends to be late. TIMP is not used by 83% either despite ability to obtain an age equivalent score which is needed by EI in many cases. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/5/515

Kim F, Maitre N. A call for early detection of cerebral palsy. Neoreviews 2024;25(1):e1-e11. Reviews clinical guidelines and assessment tools for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy, including standardized tests recommended for measuring motor function, including the TIMP.  https://publications.aap.org/neoreviews/article-abstract/25/1/e1/196282/A-Call-for-Early-Detection-of-Cerebral-Palsy?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Maitre NL, Burton VJ, Duncan AF et al. Network implementation of guideline for early detection decreases age at cerebral palsy diagnosis. Pediatrics 2020;145(5):e20192126. Implementation of international guidelines for early identification of CP decreased average age of diagnosis from 19.5 months to 9.5 months. Visits for assessment at 3-4 months CA increased by about 4 times. Assessments used include the GMA, HINE, and TIMP although results of TIMP assessments in the process are not described. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2020/04/07/peds.2019-2126.full.pdf

National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke: Cerebral Palsy Common Data Elements--recommends GMA and TIMP as supplemental tests for research on CP in infants younger than 5 months of age. https://www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/report-viewer/24719/Test%20of%20Infant%20Motor%20Performance%20(TIMP)

Novak et al. Care Pathway for Early Detection of Cerebral Palsy. American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine May 11, 2020. For infants under 5 months, recommends use of MRI, GMA, TIMP, and HINE for early detection of CP. https://www.aacpdm.org/publications/care-pathways/early-detection

Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L., et al. Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr 2017;171:897-907. GMA and brain imaging are recommended to aid earlier diagnosis of CP. When imaging is not available, the TIMP is recommended. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1689

Prosser LA, Skorup J, Pierce SR, Jawad AF, Fagg AH, Kolobe THA, Smith BA. Locomotor learning in infants at high risk for cerebral palsy: A study protocol. Front Pediatr 2023;11:891633. Article presents the protocol for a study of prone and upright mobility learning in infants at risk for CP. Infants recruited from the population of newborns with brain injury will continue to an intervention stage of the study based on GMA and TIMP results suggesting risk for CP and delayed motor development at 3-4 months corrected age. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.891633/full

Vanderlinden S, Dispa D, Gustin F, Arets C, Girolami GL, Larin HM. Can items on the TIMP aide in determining the motor performance of children with severe cerebral palsy? A pilot study. Physiother Theory Practice. 2022;Feb 2:1-8; DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2032511. The authors explore the possibility of adapting the TIMP to assess performance of children with cerebral palsy level GMFCS V. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2022.2032511

Vermeire D. Etude du "Test of Infant Motor Performance" Comme Outil de Mesure des Competences Motrices d'Enfants Paralyses Cerebraux Quadriplegiques Severes [Study of the "Test of Infant Motor Performance" as a Measurement Tool for Motor Skills of Children with Severe Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy]. 2012, Master's Thesis, Universite catholique de Louvain.

Cardoso ACN, de Campos AC, dos Santos MM, Santos DCC, Rocha NACF. Motor performance of children with Down syndrome and typical development at 2 to 4 and 26 months. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:135-141. Infants with DS performed significantly less well on the TIMP at 2-4 months of age than typically developing children. TIMP scores at 4 months predicted performance on the Bayley III at 26 months. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2015/27020/Motor_Performance_of_Children_With_Down_Syndrome.9.aspx

Johnson R, Looper J, Fiss A. Current trends in pediatric physical therapy practice for children with Down syndrome. Pediatr Phys Ther 2021;00:108. Survey of 108 PTs revealed a variety of approaches to assessing and managing of Down syndrome. 1.2% of respondents reported using the TIMP. Most used tests were the Peabody and the GMFM. https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/9000/Current_Trends_in_Pediatric_Physical_Therapy.99856.aspx

Kloze A, Brzuszkiewicz-Kuzmicka G, Czyzewski P. Use of the TIMP in assessment of motor development of infants with Down syndrome. Pediatr Phys Ther 2016;28:40-45.  In a large study of 64 infants with Down syndrome and 77 control infants, TIMP scores were significantly delayed in the children with Down syndrome. Of special significance for clinical practice, items related to visual tracking with head rotation, upright head control, behavioral response to a cloth placed over the face, and most items measuring anti-gravity postures and trunk control were more delayed than others, suggesting avenues for early treatment. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2016/28010/Use_of_the_TIMP_in_Assessment_of_Motor_Development.11.aspx

Moriyama CH, Massetti T, Crocetta TB, Da Silva TD, Mustacchi Z, Guarnieri R. Systematic review of the main motor scales for clinical assessment of individuals with Down Syndrome. Scales used to assess individuals with Down Syndrome include the AIMS, TIMP, Bayley, PDMA, GMFM, MABC and PEDI. Developmental Neurorehab 2019 epub https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2019.1687598 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17518423.2019.1687598?journalCode=ipdr20

Benninger KL, Borghese T, Kovalcik JB, More-Clingenpeel M, Isler C, Bonachea EM, Stark AR, Patrick SW, Maitre NL and NCH Early Development Group. Prenatal exposures are associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020;8:4562. TIMP scores at 3-4 months were within normal limits for infants in the study except those whose mothers used alcohol; male infants also scored less well. Later outcome measures, however, showed delay in language and cognitive scores at 15-18 months.  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2020.00462/full

Boynewicz K, Campbell SK, Chroust A. Early identification of atypical motor performance of infants with prenatal opioid exposure. Pediatr Phys Ther 2023;35:359-365. The TIMP identified about 85% of infants with prenatal opioid exposure as delayed (threshold -.50 SD), whether or not they required pharmacological treatment, compared with 16% in a group of infants without opioid exposure. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000001021

Cutrona C, de Santis R, Coratti G, et al. Can the CHOP-INTEND be used as an outcome measure in the first months of age? Implications for clinical trials and real world data. J Neuromusc Dis 2023 DOI 10.3233/JND-221644. Authors investigated performance of the CHOP-INTEND (an adaptation of the TIMP for the SMA population previously validated in infants older than 3 months) in a group of healthy infants. Eight of the 16 items were appropriate in the early months while 7 items requiring more mature trunk and head control were consistently achieved only after the third month. Unlike scores from the full original TIMP, the increase in scores is not linear over time, limiting validity of this scale as an outcome measure for early treatment of SMA.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375728857_Can_the_CHOP-INTEND_be_used_as_An_Outcome_Measure_in_the_First_Months_of_Age_Implications_for_Clinical_Trials_and_Real_World_Data

de Vivo DC, et al on behalf of the NURTURE Study Group. Nusinersen initiated in infants during the presymptomatic stage of spinal muscular atrophy: Interim efficacy and safety results of the Phase 2 NURTURE study. Neuromuscular Disorders 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2019.09.007 . CHOP INTEND demonstrates a ceiling effect in early-treated pre-symptomatic infants. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335785286_Nusinersen_initiated_in_infants_during_the_presymptomatic_stage_of_spinal_muscular_atrophy_Interim_efficacy_and_safety_results_from_the_Phase_2_NURTURE_study

Duong T, Harding G, Mannix S, Abel C, Phillips D et al. Use of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND) in X-linked myotubular myopathy: Content validity and psychometric performance. J Neurmusc Diseases 2021;8:63-77. The CHOP INTEND (a derivative of the TIMP) is demonstrated to be sensitive to the effects of pharmacological intervention in X-linked myotubular myopathy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7902972/

Finkel RS, Hynan LS, Glanzman AM, Owens H, Nelson L, Cone SR, Campbell SK, Iannaccone ST, and the AmSMART Group.  The Test of Infant Motor Performance: Reliability in spinal muscular atrophy type I. Pediatr Phys Ther 2008;20:242-246. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2008/02030/The_Test_of_Infant_Motor_Performance__Reliability.6.aspx

Glanzman AM, Mazzone E, Main M, Pelliccioni M, Wood J, Swoboda KJ, Scott C, Pane M, MessinE, Mercuri E, Finkel RS. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND): Test development and reliability. Neuromuscul Disord. 2010;20:155-161. A new test for infants with SMA was developed based on the TIMP and the CHOP Test of Strength in SMA.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2009.11.014

Glanzman AM, McDermott MP, Montes J et al. Validation of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP INTEND). Pediatr Phys ther 2011;23(4):322-326. Scores on the CHOP INTEND (developed based on items from the TIMP and other assessments) correlate with measures of disease severity in SMA.  https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&issue=23040&article=00002&type=Fulltext

Kolb S, Coffey C, Yankey J, et al. Baseline results of the NeuroNEXT spinal muscular atrophy infant biomarker study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016;3:132-145. The TIMPSI and the CHOP-INTEND test were used to establish baseline measures of motor function in infants with SMA and controls. Both measures documented already delayed motor function compared to control subjects by the time of subject recruitment; earlier enrollment for studies is recommended. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748311/pdf/ACN3-3-132.pdf

Kolb S, Coffey C, Yankey J, Krosschell K, et al. Natural history of infantile-onset spinal muscular atrophy. Annals of Neurol 2017; Nov. TIMPSI scores were correlated with risk of endpoint of death or need for permanent invasive ventilation in infants with SMA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25101

Kronn DF, Day-Salvatore D, Hwu W-L, Jones SA, Nakamura K, Okuyama T, Swoboda KJ, Kishnani PS and on behalf of the Pompe Disease Newborn Screening Working Group. Management of confirmed newborn-screened patients with Pompe disease across the disease spectrum. Pediatr 2017;140;S24. Presents guidelines for management of patients with Pompe disease across the disease spectrum, including developmental assessment using the TIMP and the CHOP INTEND.  http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/Supplement_1/S24

Krosschell KJ, Bosch M, Nelson, et al. Motor function test reliability during the NeuroNEXT spinal muscular atrophy infant biomarker study. J Neuromusc Dis 2018;5:509-521. Article describes training provided to multi-site clinical evaluators in a longitudinal study of reliability of the TIMPSI, CHOP Intend, and AIMS in children with SMA I. TIMPSI inter-rater reliability was consistently higher than .92 and did not differ significantly between novice and experienced testers.  Provides guidance for investigators planning large-scale clinical trials to ensure reliability of assessment across multiple sites and raters, both experienced and novice. https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-neuromuscular-diseases/jnd180327

Krosschell KJ, Maczulski JA, Scott C, King W, Hartman JT, Case LE, Viazzo-Trussell D, Wood J, Roman CA, Hecker E, Meffert M, Leveille M, Kienitz K, Swoboda KJ, on behalf of Project Cure. Reliability and validity of the TIMPSI for infants with spinal muscular atrophy type I. Pediatric Phys Ther 2013;25:140-148. Interrater reliability for scoring the TIMPSI was 0.97-0.98 and test-retest reliability 0.82-0.95 in infants with Type I SMA. TIMPSI scores were related to ability to reach. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2013/25020/Reliability_and_Validity_of_the_TIMPSI_for_Infants.4.aspx

Lowes LP, et al. Impact of age and motor function in a phase 1/2A study of infants with SMA type 1 receiving single-dose gene replacement therapy. Pediatr Neurol 2019;98:39-45. Study compares early dosing with low/high motor scores on the CHOP-INTEND versus later dosing and finds improvements regardless of baseline motor score but improvements are greater for dosing under 3 months of age, emphasizing the value of early screening and early treatment.  https://www.pedneur.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0887-8994%2819%2930280-2

Matesanz SE, Curry C, Gross B et al. Clinical course in a patient with spinal muscular atrophy Type 0 treated with Nusinersen and Onasemnogene Abeparvovec. J Child Neurol 2020 Oct;35(11):717-723. Treatment resulted in a 30-point improvement in CHOP-INTEND score and continued motor gains at age 13 months without regression of function despite continued profound weakness and systemic complications.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32515646/

National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke: Spinal Muscular Atrophy Common Data Elements—recommends TIMPSI for motor assessment in Types 1 and 2 SMA (see SMA Pediatric Clinical Outcomes Recommendations by Domain and Classification). National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke: Spinal Muscular Atrophy Common Data Elements—recommends TIMPSI for motor assessment in Types 1 and 2 SMA (see SMA Pediatric Clinical Outcomes Recommendations by Domain and Classification). https://commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/SMA.aspx#tab=Data_Standards

Pierzchlewicz K, Kepa I, Podogrodzki J, Kotulska K. Spinal muscular atrophy: The use of functional motor scales in the era of disease-modifying treatment. Child Neurology Open 2021;8:1-9. Review of tests used for assessment of children with SMA, including the CHOP INTEND, which was derived in part from the TIMP. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2329048X211008725

Vill K, Kolbel H, Schwartz O et al. One year of newborn screening for SMA--Results of a German pilot project. J Neuromusc Dis 2019:6:503-515. Newborn screening using genetics and the CHOP INTEND resulted in presymptomatic treatment and improved outcomes in children with SMA. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6918901/pdf/jnd-6-jnd190428.pdf

Townsend EL, Simeone SD, Krosschell KJ, Zhang RZ, Swoboda KJ for Project Cure SMA. Stander use in spinal muscular atrophy: Results of a large natural history database. Pediatr Phys Ther 2020;32:235-241. Ability to control head rotation on the TIMPSI was related to successful stander use. Other aspects of motor control were not predictive. Routine stander use was also related to type of SMA (more in Type II), number of gene copies, and respiratory support.  https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/2020/07000/Stander_Use_in_Spinal_Muscular_Atrophy__Results.15.aspx

Kaplan SL, Coulter C, Sargent B. Physical therapy management of congenital muscular torticollis: A 2018 evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the APTA Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy. Recommendations for developmental assessment include use of the Test of Infant Motor Performance for infants up to 4 months of age.  https://pediatricapta.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/

Nuysink J, Eijsermans MJ, van Haastert IC, Koopman-Esseboom C, Helders PJ, de Vries LS, van der Net J. Clinical course of asymmetric motor performance and deformational plagiocephaly in very preterm infants. J Pediatr 2013;163:658-665. Natural course of positional preference and deformational plagiocephaly was studied in 120 infants born at < 30 weeks GA or under 1000 gms. Positional preference was present in 36.7% at 3 months corrected age (CA). Infants with low scores on the TIMP or the AIMS at 3 months CA were more likely to display persistent plagiocephaly at 6 months CA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.015

Agyeman K, McCarty T, Multani H, Mattingly K et al. Task-based functional neuroimaging in infants: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neurosci 2023;17.1233990. A review of research on use of neuroimaging modalities revealed that few studies investigate the motor systems. Authors suggest that combining behavioral assessments like the HINE and the TIMP with neuroimaging can improve our understanding of neurodevelopment and prediction of outcomes. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1233990/full

Bentzley JP, Coker-Bolt P, Moreau NG, Hope K, Ramakrishnan V, Brown T, Mulvihill D, Jenkins D. Kinematic measurement of 12-week head control correlates with 12-month neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Early Human Development 2015;91:159-164. Kinematic measures of head control in prone and pull-to-sit were correlated with TIMP scores at 12 weeks CA in 22 preterm infants. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378378215000110?via%3Dihub

Coker-Bolt P, Barbour A, Moss H, Tillman J, Humphries E, Ward E, Brown T, Jenkins D. Correlating early motor skills to white matter abnormalities in preterm infants using diffusion tensor imaging. J Pediatr Rehab Med 2016;9:185-193. Low FA measures from DTI at term can predict TIMP performance at 3 months. In particular high FA of the left anterior limb of the internal capsule predicted mean in TIMP scores on items for head lift and head turn to sound in prone. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/PRM-160380

Coker-Bolt P, Woodbury ML, Perkel J, Moreau NG, Hope K, Brown T, Ramakrishnan V, Mulvihill D, Jenkins D. Identifying premature infants at high and low risk for motor delays using motor perforrmance testing and MRS. J Pediatric Rehab Med 2014;7:219-232. TIMP scores at term and 12 weeks corrected age (CA) in 22 infants born preterm between 24 and 35 weeks GA were used to determine a useful 10-item screening set at each age that is proposed to provide good prediction of those at high/low risk for poor developmental outcome as measured with the Bayley III at 12 months CA. TIMP scores also correlated with measures from magnetic resonance spectroscopy performed in a subset of the infants. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/PRM-140291

George JM, Colditz PB, Chatfield MD, Fiori S, Pannek K, Fripp J, Guzzetta A, Rose SE, Ware RS, Boyd RN. Early clinical and MRI biomarkers of cognitive and motor outcomes in very preterm born infants. Pediatric Research 2021;90:1243-1250. This study identified correlates of 2-year outcomes from assessments at 32 weeks PMA, term, and 3 months CA in infants born at <31 weeks GA. Although the TIMP at term and 3 months was correlated with later outcomes (3 month r=0.29, p=0.009 for motor; term r=0.2, p=0.02 and 3 month r=.38, p<0.001 for cognitive), the best combination of predictors of motor development were 3-month GMs, term MRI deep grey matter score, and Hammersmith neonatal reflexes at 32 weeks PMA. Authors conclude that more research needs to be done to see if 3 month TIMP adds value and has clinical meaning of interest beyond administration of GMA.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-021-01399-5

George JM, Boyd RN, Colditz PB, Rose SE, Pannek K, Fripp J, Lingwood BE, Lai MM, Kong AHT, Ware RS, Coulthard A, Finn CM, Bandaranayake SE. PPREMO: A prospective cohort study of preterm infant brain structure and function to predict neurodevelopmental outcome. BMC Pediatrics 2015;15:123. This article presents the protocol for a study to examine the clinical correlates of early advanced brain imaging and clinical measures at 30 weeks PMA to predict motor (including TIMP scores) and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 and 12 months CA.  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12887-015-0439-z?site=bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com

George JM, Fiori S, Fripp J, Pannek K, Guzzetta A, David M, Ware RS, Rose SE, Colditz PB, Boyd RN. Relationship between very early brain structure and neuromotor,neuorlogical and neurobehavioral function in infants born <31 weeks gestational age. Early Hum Dev 2018;117:74-82. In 119 infants born preterm, cerebellar MRI scores at 32 weeks were correlated with HINE and General Movements scores.  Term white matter MRI and global brain abnormality scores were correlated with TIMP scores at term. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.12.014

Linke AC, Wild C, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Herzmann C, Duffy H, Han VK, Lee DSC, Cusack R. Disruption to functional networks in neonates with perinatal brain injury predicts motor skills at 8 months. NeuroImage: Clinical 2018;18:399-406. Functional connectivity MRI at term predicted motor development on the AIMS at 4 months and on both the AIMS and the INFANIB at 8 months. Correlation of the neonatal MRI connectivity with the TIMP at 1 month was non-significant but the 1-month TIMP scores were correlated with both AIMS and INFANIB at 8 months. Authors conclude that connectivity measures in sensorimotor as well as executive neural networks at term provide a unique prediction to motor development at 8 months. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158218300366

Magalhaes RC, Moreira JM, Vieira ELM, Rocha NP, Miranda DM, Simoes e Silva AC. Urinary levels of IL-1beta and GDNF in preterm neonates as potential biomarkers of motor development: A prospective study. Mediators of Inflammation 2017; Article ID 8201423. First research to examine the relationship between TIMP scores and biomarkers of inflammation and neuroprotection in preterm period. Unexpectedly higher levels of inflammatory markers and lower levels of neuroprotective factors in urine were related to higher TIMP scores at 34 weeks PMA. Authors discuss the complex relationship between reaction to injury and plasticity responses. Long term development was not measured. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2017/8201423/ 

McLean G, Hough C, Sehgal A, Ditchfield, Polglase GR, Miller SL. Three-dimensional ultrasound cranial imaging and early neurodevelopment in preterm growth-restricted infants. J Paediatr Child Health 2017;54:420-425. TIMP scores were lower in infants with fetal growth restriction and perinatal 3-D US showed correlations with development at 12 weeks; greater ventricular volume was correlated with lower TIMP scores.  https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/three-dimensional-ultrasound-cranial-imaging-and-early-neurodevel

Moss HG, Wolf LG, Coker-Bolt P et al. Quantitative diffusion and spectroscopic neuroimaging combined with a novel early-developmental assessment improves models for 1-year developmental outcomes. Am J Neuroradiol 2022;43:139-145. STEP scores were correlated with MR spectroscopy NAA ratios in the frontal white matter and basal ganglia. Spectroscopy independently added to prediction of 1-year outcome in infants born preterm. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8757543/pdf/zj4139.pdf

Brown SE, Miller M, Darring J, Inamdar K, Salgaonkar et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a clinical trial: A quantitative report on study engagement and strategies. Pediatr Phys Ther 2023; doi:10.1097/PEP.0000000000001036. Authors describe the affect on a clinical trial of pandemic restrictions. Enrollment of subjects decreased in particular of Black families. Fewer TIMP and even fewer Bayley and HINE tests were accomplished during the height of the pandemic but GMA and GMFM assessments were able to be completed via telehealth.

Butera CD, Rhee C, Kelly CE, Dhollander T, Thompson DK et al. Effect of a NICU to home physical therapy intervention on white matter trajectories, motor skills, and problem-solving skills of infants born very preterm: A case series. J Personalized Med 2022; 12:2024. Data on white matter trajectories in 6 infants born at <30 weeks gestation participating in the SPEEDI2 clinical trial is presented along with developmental results of the GMA, TIMP, Bayley, and a measure of problem-solving skill up to 12 months after intervention began in the experimental group. The greatest increase in white matter structure took place between ages 2.5-6 months, emphasizing the sensitive nature of this age period for brain maturation. Changes in white matter were positively correlated with motor and cognitive development over time. In this group with high risk for developmental delay, TIMP scores at baseline and 2 months after intervention began were generally in the worrisome range and the majority of the infants showed below average performance on the Bayley III Motor Composite 12 months after intervention began with normative performance generally decreasing over time. All had normal GMA performance by the second assessment.  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/12/2024

Campbell SK, Cole W, Boynewicz K, Zawacki LA, Clark A, Gaebler-Spira D, deRegnier R-A, Kuroda MM, Kale D, Bulanda M, Madhavan S. Behavior during tethered kicking in infants with periventricular brain injury. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:403-412. TIMP performance was correlated with kicking frequency at 4 months corrected age in a clinical trial of tethered kicking. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703037/

Chandyo RK, Ulak M, Kvestad I, Shrestha M, Ranjitkar et al. The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation in pregnancy and postpartum on growth and neurodevelopment in early childhood: Study protocol for a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017;7:e016434. Article presents the protocol for an RCT, double-blind, to evaluate the effects of Vitamin B12 supplementation in a study of 800 pregnant women in Nepal. The TIMP will be used as an early assessment of results at 45 days of age. Infants will be followed to 6 months with the Bayley III Scales. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/7/8/e016434.full.pdf

Cooper DM, Girolami GL, Kepes B, Stehli A, Lucas CT, Haddad F, Zalidvar F, Dror N, Ahmad I, Soliman A, Radom-Aizik S. Body composition and neuromotor development in the year after NICU discharge in premature infants. Pediatr Res 2020 Jan 11 Epub ahead of print. An exercise intervention showed no effect on body composition, fat mass, biomarkers of inflammation, or neurodevelopment on the TIMP or the AIMS. A large dropout rate was experienced. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0756-2

Deng W, Anastasopoulos S, deRegnier R-A et al. Protocol for a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a year-long (NICU-to-home) evidence-based, high dose physical thearpy intervention in infants at risk of neuromotor delay. PLOS One 18(9):e0291408 2023. The protocol for this RCT involving 192 infants receiving twice weekly PT utilizes the TIMP as an early outcome measure. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291408

Dusing SC, Brown SE, Van Drew CM, Thacker LR, Hendricks-Munoz KD. Supporting play exploration and early development intervention from NICU to home: A feasibility study. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:267-274. The TIMP was used as an outcome measure for a NICU- and home-based intervention for infants born at or prior to 34 weeks GA. An effect size of 1.29 in favor of the experimental group supports use of the TIMP as a sensitive outcome measure for a future clinical trial of the intervention. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2015/27030/Supporting_Play_Exploration_and_Early_Development.14.aspx

Dusing SC, Bernsed JC, Brown SE, Harper AD et al. Efficacy of supporting play exploration and early development intervention in the first months of life for infants born very preterm: 3-arm randomized clinical trial protocol. Phys Ther 2020;100:1343-1352. Ninety infants born very preterm are being enrolled in a clinical trial  of the SPEEDI intervention for parents to support their child's motor and cognitive development. The Bayley Scales will be the primary outcome measure with the TIMP, GMFM and coding of early problem solving skills as secondary measures.  https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article-abstract/100/8/1343/5823910?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Dusing SC, Tripathi T, Marcinowski EC, Thacker LR, Brown LF, Hendricks-Munoz KD. Supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention versus usual care to enhance development outcomes during the transition from the neonatal intensive care unit to home: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2018;18:46. The TIMP effect size for intervention in this pilot study of SPEEDI was 1.04. Exploratory behavior was enhanced by SPEEDI. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1011-4

Fan J, Wang J, Zhang X, et al. A home-based, post-discharge early intervention program promotes motor development and physical growth in the early preterm infants: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics 2021;21:162. Home-based intervention including visual and auditory stimulation, massage, and kangaroo care enhanced development on the TIMP as well as growth whether given for 30 days after hospital discharge or when started 30 days later; both groups performed better than a comparison group with standard care.  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02627-x?fbclid=IwAR19zPgbfRvhQN3pHT_9BgaQ22JHHR7U4S87mZDSDZyq9WZcmscHrGlLWnM

Finlayson F, Olsen J, Dusing SC, Guzzetta A, Eeles A, Spittle A. Supporting play, exploration, and early development intervention (SPEEDI) for preterm infants: A feasibility randomised controlled trial in an Australian context. Early Hum Dev 151;2020:105172. A feasibility study demonstrated excellent compliance and intervention group had higher TIMP and Bayley scores at 4 months CA, although effect sizes were negligible in a small sample of 17 infants. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378378220303078?via%3Dihub

Fucile S, Gisel EG. Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in preterm infants. Neonatal Network 2010;29(6):359-366.  Both a 10-day (15 min per day, twice a day) whole body stimulation program and a stimulation program that also included oral stimulation beginning at approximately 32 weeks PMA improved outcomes on the TIMP in comparison with a control group or an oral stimulation only group in a study of 75 preterm infants (GA between 26 and 32 wks at birth) randomly assigned to treatment groups. Estimated effect size 1.01. The groups with full body stimulation had only 10% of infants with scores below -1 SD while 40% of control infants and 37% of oral stimulation only infants scored below average. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.29.6.359

Fucile S, Snider L, O'Brien K, Smith L, Dow K. A parent-administered sensorimotor intervention for oral feeding in infants born preterm: A randomized clinical study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024;00:1-8. A tactile program aimed at oral functioning in 80 infants born preterm improved time to oral feeds and increased breastfeeding but did not improve TIMP performance relative to the control group receiving standard care. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39101659/

Girolami G, Campbell SK. Efficacy of a Neuro-Developmental Treatment program to improve motor control of preterm infants. Pediatr Phys Ther. 1994;6:175-184.  Demonstrates responsivity of the TIMP to effects of NDT provided to high risk premature infants in a controlled clinical trial in the special care nursery. Estimates effect size 1.48. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/1994/00640/Efficacy_of_a_Neuro_Developmental_Treatment.2.aspx 

Goyen T-A, Skelton H, D'Cruz D, Maheshwari R, Edney B et al. Midline head position for preterm infants in the first 72 hours of life: A pilot randomized control trial. Med Rxiv 2025 preprint. Presents study design and feasibility results of a study of early midline head positioning to prevent IVH which will use the TIMP and GMA as outcome measures.  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323743v1

Ho YB, Lee RS, Chow CB, Pang MY. Impact of massage therapy on motor outcomes in very low-birthweight infants: Randomized controlled pilot study.  Pediatr Int 2010;52:378-385. Infants in a randomized controlled study who had below average TIMP scores at study entry gained more on the TIMP and experienced earlier hospital discharge following massage therapy than a sham treated group. Estimated effect size for below average group = 1.32. Because these experimental group infants also had a shorter duration of total parenteral nutrition more study is needed to verify this finding in a larger group of subjects.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2009.02964.x

Lee E-J. Effect of Neuro-Development Treatment on motor development in preterm infants. J Phys Ther Sci 2017;29:1095-1097.  High risk infants born preterm who received NDT until 40 weeks PMA had higher TIMP scores than both high and low risk infants who did not receive intervention. Estimated effect size 2.42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1095

Lee E-j, Pack S-H, Oh T-Y, Pack R-J. The effects of sensorimotor stimulation on development of infants with low birth weight premature in NICU. J Korean Soc Phys Med 2010;5(3):499-508, in Korean. Sensorimotor stimulation of infants born preterm improved development on the TIMP. At 40 weeks PMA LBW infants with intervention performed better than infants born term (calculated effect size Coehn's d 1.823). http://pdf.medrang.co.kr/KSPM/2010/005/KSPM-005-03-20.pdf

Lee H-M, Galloway JC. Early intensive postural and movement training advances head control in very young infants. Phys Ther 2012;92:935-947.  A group of full-term infants provided with early training to promote head control performed better on the TIMP than a social interaction control group.  http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110196

Lekskulchai R, Cole J. Effect of a developmental program on motor performance in infants born preterm. Australian J Physiother 2001;47:169-176: Demonstrates responsivity of the TIMP to a home physical therapy program provided in a controlled clinical trial to high risk premature infants upon hospital discharge. The TIMP successfully discriminated a group of infants at hospital discharge who would profit from physical therapy from a group that did not need intervention. http://www.journalofphysiotherapy.com/article/S0004-9514(14)60264-6/pdf

Letzkus L, Conaway M, Miller-David C, Darring J, Keim-Malpass J, Zanelli S. A feasibility randomized controlled trial of a NICU rehabilitation program for very low birth weight infants. Sci Rep 2022;12:1729. Authors present results of feasibility of a daily sensorimotor intervention done by parents in a NICU. Parents were unable to perform the intervention 5 or more days per week; participation 3 or more days was performed by 72-75% for vocalizing, scent exchange and touch, but PT and massage were completed by only 6% and skin-to-skin care by 34%. Outcomes at 3 months CA will be assessed with GMA, HINE and TIMP.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05849-w

Letzkus L, Conaway M, Daugherty R, Hook M, Zanelli S. A randomized-controlled trial of pa-administered interventions to improve short-term motor outcomes in hospitalized very low birthweight infants. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med 2024;17(5):637-645. No significant differences between groups on TIMP, HINE, or GMA at 3 months PMA following parent-administered interventions, including massage, exercise, and skin-to-skin care. Significant dropout of subjects occurred. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39302384/

Lucas BR, Bowen J, Morgan C et al. The best start trial: A randomised controlled trial of ultra-early parent-administered physiotherapy for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy or motor delay. Ear Hum Develop 2024; 2 September; 106111. Ultra-early PT did not improve outcome at 4 months on the AIMS. The TIMP was used as a baseline assessment of motor delay and was planned to be used as an outcome measure but plan was altered due to covid and use of telehealth for the outcome assessment. Despite recruitment criteria intended to enroll children with high risk for CP, only 2 infants developed CP and GMA results were not highly predictive. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106111

Mobbs CA, Spitle AJ, Johnston LM. PreEMPT (Preterm Infant Early Intervention for Movement and Participation Trial): The feasibility of a novel, participation-focused early physiotherapy intervention supported by telehealth in regional Australia--A protocol. Open J Pediatric 2020;10:707-731.  Article presents the protocol for a unique intervention using telehealth for infants born before 35 weeks GA in Australia. The TIMP is used as a baseline measure and at 4 months CA at the end of the intervention. https://www.scirp.org/pdf/ojped_2020122215213687.pdf

Mobbs C, Spittle A, Johnston L. PreEMPT (Preterm Infant Early Intervention for Movement and Participation Trial): Feasibility outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. Early Hum Develop 2022;166:105551. In a feasibility study of a participation-focused intervention for infants born at less than 35 weeks GA, the effect size for development on the TIMP at 3 mo. corrected age was .52 although not statistically significant with a small sample size. The intervention was logistically difficult for parents to complete, primarily due to mental health issues of mother. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378378222000147?via%3Dihub

Øberg GK, Campbell SK, Girolami GL, Ustad T, Jørgensen L, Kaaresen PI.  Study protocol. An early intervention program to improve motor outcome in preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial and a qualitative study of physiotherapy performance and parental experiences.  BMC Pediatrics. 2012;Feb 15;12(1):15. [Epub ahead of print]. Describes protocol of a NICU intervention study using the TIMPSI as a baseline measure and the TIMP as one of the outcome measures. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/12/15

Øberg GK, Handegard BH, Campbell SK, Ustad T, Fjortoft T, Kaaresen PI, Girolami GL. Two-year motor outcomes associated with the dose of NICU based physical therapy: The Noppi RCT. Early Hum Develop 2022; 174: September 25, 105680. A 3-week NICU intervention was not effective in producing significant differences in motor development of infants born < 32 weeks GA when they reached 2 years of age, but there was a significant association between dose of intervention received in the NICU and Gross and Total Motor PDMS-2 scores. Motor performance in both intervention and control groups decreased between 6 and 24 months corrected age. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105680

Sandoval-Cuellar C, Castellanos-Garrido AL, Romero AMO et al. Motor development in premature infants: Study protocol for an interdisciplinary hospital-home intervention. Pediatrics and Neonatology https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.12.015.  This description of an intervention protocol involves a hospital to home program of sensorimotor stimulation conducted by parents along with an app to record infant's motor development. The TIMPSI is used as an outcome measure. https://www.pediatr-neonatol.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1875-9572%2823%2900058-X

Shimizu GY, Ceccon MEJR, de Paula LCS, Falcao MC, Tannuri U, de Carvalho WB. Evaluation of motor development and effect of physical therapy intervention in surgical neonates in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Fisioter Pesqui 29(2): Apr-June 2022 (available in English and Portuguese). In a clinical trial of ATTV and physical therapy for infants post-GI surgery, infants in both treatment and control groups averaged more than 1.2 SD below the mean on the TIMP approximately a week or two after surgery. The group which then received post-surgical intervention improved to a z score averaging in the low average range while the control group sustained far below average performance. 31 infants in the treatment group scored in the average range on the TIMP versus 1 in the control group. Estimated effect size = 1.52 for group differences, 2.12 for gain scores. Vital signs were also significantly better in the treatment group. https://www.scielo.br/j/fp/a/nLcdQ58bM84syT55HbpG7QS/?lang=en

Ustad T, Evensen KAI, Campbell SK, Girolami GL, Helbostad J, Jorgensen L, Kaaresen PI, Oberg GK. Early parent-administered physical therapy for preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatr 2016;138(August). PT administered by parents improved motor performance for preterm infants in the NICU. Effect size 0.40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0271

Valizadeh L, Sanaeefar M, Hosseini MB, Jafarabadi MA, Shamili A. Effect of early physical activity programs on motor performance and neuromuscular development in infants born preterm: A randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci 2017;6(1):69-81. Passive range of motion was compared with hydrotherapy or a combination of both versus control in 76 infants born preterm. Effect size was negative = -0.25. These passive interventions had no significant effect on motor development but postural tone as measured by leg recoil was significantly higher in exercise groups.  http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/JCS/Manuscript/JCS-6-67.pdf

Amini M, Aliabadi F, Alizade M, Kalani M, Qorbani M. The relationship between motor function and behavioral function in infants with low birth weight. Iran J Child Neurol. 2016;10(4):49-55. Performance on the TIMP and the Brazelton Scale was compared in 50 infants under 2 months CA.  Statistically significant relationships were found between TIMP observed item performance and Brazelton items involving social interaction, state organization and regulation, and reflexes, and between TIMP elicited item performance and all Brazelton items except habituation. Notably each increase of 1 point in autonomic function was related to an increase of 18 points on elicited items of the TIMP. The authors conclude that Brazelton scores can be used to predict motor function.  http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/ijcn.v10i4.10965

Campbell SK, Kolobe THA. Concurrent validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2000;12:1-8: Documents concurrent validity of the TIMP with the AIMS of r = .64 at 3 months adjusted age (AA). http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Abstract/2000/01210/Concurrent_Validity_of_the_Test_of_Infant_Motor.2.aspx

Campbell SK, Kolobe THA, Wright B, Linacre JM. Validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance for prediction of 6-, 9-, and 12-month scores on the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:263-272: Documents sensitivity = .92, specificity = .76, positive predictive validity = .39, and negative predictive validity = .98 for prediction of AIMS performance at 12 months AA from TIMP testing at 3 months AA. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00802.x/epdf

Campbell SK, Zawacki L, Rankin KM, Yoder JC, Shapiro N, Li Z, White-Traut R. Concurrent validity of the TIMP and the Bayley III Scales at 6 weeks corrected age. Pediatr Phys Ther 2013;25(4):395-401. At 6 weeks corrected age, 9% of infants (n = 145) scored more than -1 SD from the mean on the TIMP while no children performed outside the average range on the Bayley III. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2013/25040/Concurrent_Validity_of_the_TIMP_and_the_Bayley_III.3.aspx

Diwanmal SB, Dharmayat SR, Biradi MK, Vanaki RN, Pol RR, Yelamali BC. Predicting the effectiveness of Test of Infant Motor Performance as an early marker of motor development delay in preterm infants. Pediatr Rev 2017;(9 Sept):572-579. In a study of infants in India, concurrent validity of the TIMP and the AIMS was studied. A cutoff on the TIMP of -1 SD was best for comparison with scores on the AIMS <10 percentile.  https://pediatrics.medresearch.in/index.php/ijpr/article/view/315

Flegel J, Kolobe THA. Predictive validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance as measured by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency at school age. Phys Ther 2002;82:762-771. Statistically significant partial correlation between TIMP scores in early infancy and Bruininks at 5 years was .36. Diagnostic validity values were sensitivity=.50, specificity=1.00, positive predictive validity=1.00, and negative predictive validity=.87. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/8/762/2857646/Predictive-Validity-of-the-Test-of-Infant-Motor

George JM, Colditz PB, Chatfield MD, Fiori S, Pannek K et al. Early clinical and MRI biomarkers of cognitive and motor outcomes in very preterm born infants. Pediatric Res 2021;90:1243-1250. Predictors of 2-year Bayley III motor and cognitive development were investigated in 98 infants born at <31 weeks GA (about half of planned cohort) in Australia. Best combined predictors of motor outcome were GMA score at 3 months CA, MRI deep grey matter at term-equivalent age, and reflex subscale of the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Exam (HNNE) at 32 weeks PMA. Best combined predictors of cognitive outcome were 3-month GMA and term HNNE total score. TIMP scores at 3 months were correlated with motor outcome and both term and 3-month TIMP scores were correlated with cognitive outcome but not as strongly as other clinical measures. Diagnostic accuracy measures are necessary to determine predictive accuracy which will be done when the full cohort has been assessed. Authors conclude that "The TIMP warrants further investigation to determine if the associations, especially at 3 months CA, are clinically meaningful and truly predictive and whether it adds value beyond the administration of the 3-month GMs." https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-021-01399-5

Kim SA, Lee YJ, Lee YG. Predictive value of Test of Infant Motor Performance for infants based on correlation between TIMP and Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Ann Rehabil Med; 2011 35(6):860-866. TIMP and Bayley scores were highly correlated with ROC values of .825 for PDI and .992 for MDI. http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3309382

Kolobe THA, Bulanda M, Susman L. Predicting motor outcome at preschool age for infants tested at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after term age using the Test of Infant Motor Performance. Phys Ther 2004;84:1144-1156.  Documents sensitivity = .72, specificity = .91, positive predictive validity = .75, and negative predictive validity = .91 for prediction of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales < -2 SD below the mean at preschool age from TIMP testing with a cutoff score of -0.5 SD at 90 days post term. https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/84/12/1144/2805318/Predicting-Motor-Outcome-at-Preschool-Age-for

Madayi A, Shi L, Zhu Y, et al. The Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in very low birth weight infants and outcome at two years of age. J Perinatol 2021 epub 14 June 2021. Documents TIMP < 1 SD specificity and negative predictive validity to 2-year Bayley outcomes < 85 of greater than 80% in a cohort of Singaporean infants. Authors suggest that these data can be used to reassure parents of infants who do well on the TIMP and better target early intervention to those most at risk of poor outcomes on the Bayley at 2 years of age. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-021-01067-w

Manacero SA, Marschik PB, Nunes ML, Einspieler C. Is it possible to predict the infant's neurodevelopmental outcome at 14 months of age by means of a single preterm assessment of General Movements? Early Hum Dev 2012;88:39-43.  The TIMP and the GMA were performed at 34 weeks PMA in 37 high risk preterm infants with GA at birth 24-33 weeks and the AIMS and PEDI were used at 14 months to assess outcomes in 32 infants. Thirty-two percent of infants had poor repertoire and 19% had cramped-synchronized GMs. All of these high risk infants had delayed scores on the TIMP (one was in the low average range with normal GMs). TIMP scores were not correlated with GMs indicating that the TIMP and GMA are not assessing the same construct. TIMP results were not correlated with outcome at 14 months, confirming previous research showing that the TIMP at preterm age is not predictive of later outcome; there was only a fair to moderate correlation of GMs with outcome, thus a single GM assessment at preterm age cannot be used to predict outcome either.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.013

Nuysink J, van Haastert IC, Eijsermans MJ, Koopman-Esseboom C, Helders PJ, de Vries LS, van der Net J. Prediction of gross motor development and independent walking in infants born very preterm using the Test of Infant Motor Performance and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Early Hum Dev 2013;89:693-697. Study of concurrent and predictive validity of the TIMP and the AIMS in 95 infants born at < 30 weeks GA or under 1000 gms. Mean raw score on the TIMP at 3 months corrected age (CA) was 99.8 with a range of 54-127; mean Z score was -0.48. At 3 months CA the correlation between the TIMP and the AIMS raw scores was .82 and between Z scores was .71. A cutoff Z score of -1.0 on the TIMP had a diagnostic agreement of 92% with an AIMS score <10th percentile. Neither test at 3 months CA predicted AIMS performance at 15 months. The median age of independent walking was 15.7 months CA and was predicted by 6 month AIMS scores. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.04.016

Peyton C, Schreiber MD, Msall ME. The Test of Infant Motor Performance at 3 months predicts language, cognitive, and motor outcomes in infants born preterm at 2 years of age. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 Mar 13 epub ahead of print. TIMP scores below z = -0.5 or less at 10-15 weeks had sensitivities for predicting Bayley III cognitive, lanuage and motor development at 2 years of .41, .49, and .57, respectively; specificities were .87, .88, and .89, indicating in agreement with previous results that when infants perform well on the TIMP, later outcomes are predicted very well while failing the TIMP at 3-4 months has less predictive validity. Of 8 children with CP, 6 had TIMP scores less than -0.5 and all scored below average at 10-15 weeks.  https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13736

Peyton C, Yang E, Kocherginsky M, Adde L, Fjortoft T, Stoen R, Bos AF, Einspieler C, Schreiber MD, Msall ME. Relationship between white matter pathology and performance on the General Movement Assessment and the Test of Infant Motor Performance in very preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 2016;95:23-27. This article compares GMA and TIMP performance at 10-15 weeks corrected age in infants born prior to 31 weeks who had MRI assessments at term age. Infants with abnormal white matter were more likely to have both abnormal GMA and abnormal TIMP scores. However only 3 infants were classified as abnormal on all 3 tests indicating that they are not always measuring the same thing. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378378215300761?via%3Dihub

Pietruszewski L, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Moellering GCJ, Lewandowski D, Batterson N, Maitre NL. Predictive value of the test of infant motor performance and the Hammersmith infant neurological examination for cerebral palsy in infants. Early Hum Develop 2022;174:105665. Use of the TIMP at 3-4 months did not improve prediction of CP outcome over that with use of the HINE alone. HINE score <57 had optimal CP predictive value (77% sensitivity; 91% specificity compared to TIMP at 1 SD below the mean sensitivity of 52%; 94% specificity). Nonetheless authors conclude that although the HINE is superior and cost-effective for identification of CP, the TIMP measures delay and is, therefore, an essential element in the clinical evaluation of high-risk infants that is most useful in delineating severity of motor impairment, monitoring motor development, and in determining need for therapy, regardless of diagnosis. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378378222001281?via%3Dihub

See MSN, Ereno IL, Teh WY, Baral VR, Vaughan RD, Yeo CL. Agreement between Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) and Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) in neurodevelopmental assessment of preterm infants <32 weks' gestation at term corrected age. Earl Hum Develop 2024;190:105973. Comparison of HNNE and TIMP for prediction of 12-month PDMS showed both predicted fine motor quotient well but HNNE had better sensitivity while TIMP had better specificity for total, gross and fine motor outcomes. Authors emphasize that no one test can be considered best but a combination of assessments is more accurate. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378378224000422

Shehee L, Coker-Bolt P, Barbour A, Moss H, Brown T, Jenkins D. Predicting motor outcomes with 3 month prone hip angles in premature infants. J Pediatr Rehab Med 2016;9:231-236. Smaller angle of the hip in prone at 3 months as a proxy measure of increased postural tone was related to lower TIMP scores at the same age and white matter abnormality at term, but not to outcome on the Bayley III at 1 year. TIMP scores at 3 months were correlated with Bayley III scores at 1 year. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/PRM-160384

Snider LM, Majnemer A, Mazer B, Campbell S, Bos AF.  A comparison of the general movements assessment with traditional approaches to newborn and infant assessment: Concurrent validity.  Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:297-303.  Research examined the relationship between the GM assessment, the TIMP, the Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale, and the AIMS using examinations at three age points: 34 weeks postmenstrual age, term and 12 weeks corrected age.  The traditional tests were more strongly correlated with each other than with the GM assessment, documenting unique neurologic construct of the GM assessment. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03783782/84/5?sdc=1

Snider L, Majnemer A, Mazer B, Campbell S, Bos A.  Prediction of motor and functional outcomes in infants born preterm assessed at term.  Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:2-11.  The TIMP at term age in infants born at less than 32 weeks GA predicted outcomes on the Alberta Infant Motor Scales and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Daily Living Skills (items measure primarily feeding skills) at 12 months adjusted age but the variance explained was very small.  Low scores at 12 months on motor and functional outcome measures were related to presence of IVH and extended time on a ventilator.  Prediction to outcomes from testing at term is not accurate enough to be useful for making a clinical prognosis about expected development, but test results can be used to make contemporary decisions regarding close followup or intervention for those with high risk for adverse outcomes. http://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2009/02110/Prediction_of_Motor_and_Functional_Outcomes_in.2.aspx

Song YH, chang HJ, Shin YB, Park YS, Park YH, Cho ES. The validity of two neuromotor assessments for predicting motor performance at 12 months in preterm infants. Ann Rehabil Med 2018;42(2):296-304. Forty-four preterm infants tested with the GMA and the TIMP at 1 and 3 months CA were assessed with the AIMS at 12 months CA. TIMP score at 3 mo. and GMs at 1 and 3 mo. were significantly correlated with AIMS at 12 mo. For infants with normal GMs at 3 mo., TIMP score at 3 mo. correlated significantly with AIMS classification above the 5th percentile at 12 mo. Authors provide suggestions for how to use GMA and TIMP together in clinical practice: GMA is best for identification of CP while TIMP identifies delay regardless of medical diagnosis. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2018.42.2.296

Williamson A, Boyd RN, Ware R, Chatfield MD, Hough J, Colditz P, George J. Predicting neurodevelopment in very preterm infants using the Test of Infant Motor Performance. Early Human Develop 2025; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106271. TIMP prediction at term and 3 months to AIMS, Bayley III and NSMDA at 12 months CA was explored. At 3 months sensitivity with TIMP cutoff -0.5 to prediction of AIMS <5th % was 54.6 and sensitivity was 72.9 for a correct classification of 72% of infants. The TIMP should not be used for prediction of outcome at 12 months CA.  https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271277/AIP/1-s2.0-S0378378225000817/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEI%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIArA8cLaDQkZ9CaDIYy95ZRSEq8qe0WN3xsI9DaBCoA8AiEAuC2OHdfgEOcvKmroKOWopn6iKEkMlwtbATnIm8YompwqswUIOBAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDHG9a8ftqExaKrHKPyqQBcEmf%2FmXNPTJMRe27SgUX2bvx61XAXs2rHA1NXTi87LKtI%2BCvt%2FQHLDx5B47mlDujx%2BqgOeBqwFoA9eix92Ex%2BLpEBVl7gGHFGltebaLhggnfd56vkNjHBbpMJw5GR9pS4V%2BWfnxUjsNNNyNGT2qdLeWZxPEQXZ4ixFulRMqr68ay4Vn5bGpipZW5nQtN9foyeswRL3FdfmZfYdTA56f0DrBi2ot1HnpjjZf1KGw7mFPGCQysBvi2%2BnuySH8p7nPHoZ016tJVW9JCE42QNzrDDXbrSZdCHjIZfzFDZFsnEu4vFqVJGioI5j7MO5w9ry%2B6dAlnr9sCJPPfQqkBIhSwR0iV21g4ZsAeK%2BzPQUxRHSr9maNy2p8bcQl1KWbr%2BPSyVGlRpyTssJz43Tp%2Bp8H4iRmtS9kQhlFOwkM%2BsYsOnshmoceYoL5DFD0dzfn4afbJ77mKGatS4%2Bth9D2X2JZAWMRciJS223bgiIFFQptflXVBvfcH%2FPHW1f4V%2BTIjpqLaHGpkk2UKPzKO1uYgygpZOORrtTRlL8k6Qs87qxcbATwiUp7s2YnAUYOtTy5eznGtqtjRKnD6tTZ%2BgHqOcFpCIGleTsOxlFcgmShT%2B5z15CPmBeg7nPucUVp4Vjdpq6qDB0LQdIxtOGaRH6CCpowHHrwbH0NVldGOWPOvT2xGyaNJ9LjAFAgG%2Fv1jEEqqlNkBm6ZF7XsOV57634Svm%2FzBysihct2cMygm6XSWZicF%2FxiKN6oQv9qU98NFAyzKWKlLcw5MCHbwRNPRHvXeWDuY9epdHTbRE3682zHd6ql%2Fi7iieERCBpZ%2BIu7sKFuu2R7mg5ukr6tkEC7eoDXa6w8lh%2BLsi%2F2KTn0luCCgdam2NFlMNr%2B5MAGOrEBYErYgsZyu7SSgFeSnj2C6g%2BEbq7kgaJadu%2FiwzLv6lQX7%2FSFGVoBhVxd5cGDd%2BbGLI2LlZ0hHeVPoAWR5hj6JdyXOKE5iVNbdtDp2ZW057qjjPEH0yl6wPqhWUV5bzL6y0GvvcSVhypathlbuYYEQdADJ6TiUtV4iY0h%2F4%2FunWL9FR3Lpn1o3M7g9Nk%2Ff6dXjfd4lYmkREsQoTyg3pGoxIuXBu9hcVfKojRgBCvt5i%2B%2B&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250505T232208Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY4ZIRTLJB%2F20250505%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=348b7b9bb1c956f1e88ce518efd630fc43dc35d0e4178da0c7b332232eaf3f30&hash=a2df07340d08355bd1798d0d4643b5493a5c517489328b3ba6c433f82444c4d5&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0378378225000817&tid=spdf-3aabd605-d8e3-4ed5-a55c-651919575a80&sid=683f48666e893849e95a6703948ac6ac21b4gxrqa&type=client&tsoh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&rh=d3d3LnNjaWVuY2VkaXJlY3QuY29t&ua=0f1556500757000e570c5f&rr=93b3fa6c19bee82a&cc=us

Harris SR. Growing up with Marshall syndrome: A case report from infancy to age 12.5 years. Am J Med Genetics 2023; 1-5. Presents the longitudinal history of a child with Marshall syndrome. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajmg.a.63488

Harris SR. A plea for developmental motor screening in Canadian infants. Paediatrics & Child Health. 2016;21:129-30. This commentary encourages the Canadian Paediatric Society to revise its position statement on well-baby visits to include screening for motor delays during the infant’s first year, with recommendations for motor screening tests normed on Canadian infants: the HINT and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Free at Pub Med Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4933070/

Harris SR.  Early identification of motor delay:  Family-centred screening tool. Canadian Family Physician. 2016;62:629-32. Review article describing the HINT and encouraging its use by family physicians. Free at Pub Med Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4982721/